expression / adjective:

• cannot avoid doing; cannot help but (do); is compelled to do; (feel) obliged to (do); has to do ➜ ざる

expression:

• not at all inferior to; compare favorably (with); being even better than; rivalling; surpassing

interjection:

• yes; that is correct - polite language
• understood; I see; OK; okay
• present; here - as a response to a roll call
• pardon?; what's that?; come again? - with rising intonation - colloquialism
• now; here; here you go - used when calling for someone's attention or when handing something to someone
• giddy-up; giddap

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to be silent; to say nothing

noun / ~する noun:

• excess; being more than

godan ~る verb / transitive:

• to exceed (esp. figures: profits, unemployment rate, etc.); to surpass; to be more than; to be better than ➜ 下回る

noun:

• sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (may also contain vegetables, spices, fish, or other delicacies) - Food term ➜ 巻き寿司

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to fix upon (one-sidedly); to (ignore somebody's position and) arbitrarily decide something is the case
• to scold; to take (a person) to task

adverb:

• in short; the point is

adverb:

• rather; better

particle:

• indicates emphasis, agreement, request for confirmation, etc.; is it so - at sentence end

interjection:

• hey; come on; listen

auxiliary adjective:

• not - verb-negating suffix; may indicate question or invitation with rising intonation - colloquialism ➜ ない

particle:

• that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...

expression:

• if you do this; if this is the case

copula:

• be; is - plain copula ➜ である・です

auxiliary verb:

• has; have - た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action ➜ た
• please; do - indicates light imperative ➜ た

auxiliary:

• if; in case; if it is the case that; if it is true that - hypothetical form of the copula だ, from なり and sometimes classed as a particle
• as for; on the topic of ［なら］

conjunction:

• if that's the case; if so; that being the case - colloquialism - abbreviation ➜ それなら
• if possible; if circumstances allow ［ならば］

particle:

• only; merely; nothing but; no more than
• approximately; about
• just (finished, etc.) - after the -ta form of a verb
• as if to; (as though) about to - after an attributive form or auxiliary verb ぬ(ん), also often …とばかり(に) ➜ 言わんばかり【いわんばかり】
• indicates emphasis - in the form …とばかり or …とばかりに
• always; constantly

suffix / particle:

• only; nothing but - literary equiv. of だけ

expression:

• be; is - polite copula - polite language ➜ だ・であります

noun:

• losing posture; falling position from which it is impossible to recover - Sumo term
• lame duck ➜ レームダック
• hopeless situation

particle:

• only; nothing but - used with neg. verb

godan ~る verb (irregular):

• be; is - formal or literary copula ➜ だ・であります

expression:

• be; is - formal or literary polite copula - polite language ➜ である・です

noun:

• young people subsisting on part-time work; one whose livelihood is provided by part-time work - from freelance and arbeiter - abbreviation

noun:

• firing line; position where one is subject to questioning, criticism, etc. ➜ 矢面に立つ
• direction of a flying arrow (fired by the enemy) - orig. meaning

expression / adjective:

• no objection; nothing to criticize (criticise)