noun:

• townspeople; townsfolk; commoner; civilian; merchant; tradesman; tradeswoman; tradespeople; artisan; members of the lowest Edo-period social class (comprising commoners not involved in farming)

noun:

• laying out (e.g. ground plan, garden); layout
• taking space (Go); obtaining land; gaining territory
• training done in one's own stable - Sumo term
• (police) legwork - abbreviation ➜ 地取り捜査

expression:

• avoiding unnecessary talk can prevent disaster falling on one; there is safety in silence; the pheasant would not be shot but for its cries [literal] - proverb

noun:

• middle dot (typographical symbol used between parallel terms, names in katakana, etc.); full-stop mark at mid- character height; interpoint (interword separation) ➜ 中黒・中点

noun:

• kiss and cry; area in an ice rink where figure skaters wait for their marks to be announced - Sports term

ichidan verb / auxiliary verb / intransitive verb:

• to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough

noun / ~の noun:

• duty; sense of duty; honor; honour; decency; courtesy; debt of gratitude; social obligation

~の noun:

• in-law; relation by marriage

noun:

• crotch; crutch; groin; thigh
• fork (in a tree, road, river, etc.); tines (of a fork)

noun / ~の noun:

• head; chief

noun:

• chairman; governor; president ［主席］
• top student; head of the class ［首席］
• top seat; first desk (in orchestra)

noun:

• Golden Week (early-May holiday season in Japan)

noun / ~する noun:

• rivalry of local warlords; a number of powerful (talented, influential) persons standing by themselves in a given field - four character idiom

noun:

• lower tier; lower step; lower column; lower berth; bottom shelf
• low position (of a sword in kendo, etc.)

noun:

• countryside people (in town); visitor from the country; out-of-towner; country bumpkin (visiting the big city); yokel

noun:

• temporary shrine (houses the object in which the deity resides when main shrine is under repairs) - Shintō term

noun / ~する noun:

• parting in tears; tearful parting; coming to grief; having to take a different tack; going separate ways

noun:

• demon of the sixth heaven in the realm of desire who tries to prevent people from doing good - Buddhism term ➜ 四魔

suffix noun:

• suffixed to words indicating a class of people to create a plural (esp. in impolite contexts)

noun / ~する noun:

• worldly wise; sophisticated; street smart; knowledge of the world (acquired in the school of hard knocks); toughness

noun:

• shintai; object of worship believed to contain the spirit of a deity, typically housed in a shrine - honorific language - Shintō term ➜ 神体

noun:

• fish, meat, and vegetables stewed in a thick, sweet sauce of soy sauce, sugar and mirin - Food term

noun:

• feeling apprehensive; feeling (looking) lone and helpless; being down-and-out (ruined); helplessness of those in reduced circumstances - four character idiom

noun:

• inner pleat; the raising of fabric up in the middle to marry bottom edges of yukata and kimono

noun:

• kabuki dance in which the dancer quickly changes his clothes seven times ➜ 七変化【しちへんげ】
• the seven common disguises of ninja

noun:

• Rig Veda (collection of hymns in Vedic Sanskrit)

expression:

• inability to discern the truth due to conflicting testimony (name derived the Akutagawa Ryūnosuke story "In A Grove")