noun:

• full moon; 15th day of the lunar calendar
• full moon of the eighth lunar month ［もちづき］

noun / adjectival noun:

• the point of an argument being clearly stated; the tenor of an argument being well-reasoned - four character idiom

noun:

• Institute for the Study of Western Books (Edo period); Institute for the Investigation of Foreign Books

expression:

• complete reversal of values or ways of thinking (over time); What appeared wrong in the past now appears right; realizing and regretting the past errors of one's ways - four character idiom

noun:

• upper reaches (of a river); upper stream Antonym: 下【しも】
• top; upper part; upper half (of the body)
• long ago
• beginning; first
• person of high rank (e.g. the emperor) - honorific language ➜ 御上
• government; imperial court
• imperial capital (i.e. Kyoto); capital region (i.e. Kansai); region (or direction of) the imperial palace ➜ 上方【かみがた】
• head (of a table)
• wife; mistress (of a restaurant) - honorific language

adverb:

• one after another; one after the other; in rotation

noun / ~する noun:

• exchanging one after the other; changing repeatedly

noun:

• large cut (e.g. of meat) ［大切り・大切］
• last piece of the day's programme; last act of a play; comic dialogue as the last item in vaudeville, music hall, etc.

interjection:

• your pardon; sorry; no thanks

noun:

• not wanting; objecting to; being fed up with; wishing to avoid - usu. 〜はごめんだ
• permission; leave; dismissal; discharge

noun:

• loneliness; desolation

~たる adjective / ~と adverb / ~の noun:

• lonely; lonesome; dreary; desolate; deserted
• harsh (words); cutting (criticism)

~する noun:

• to separate in thought; to consider as independent

expression / ichidan verb:

• to be told or made to hear something so often that you (metaphorically) get calluses on your ears

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to be stunned; to be surprised; one's eyes turn into dots (like a cartoon character) [literal]

expression / adjective:

• unable to stay (on); unable to endure being somewhere a second longer; feel like running away

expression:

• Defeat is inevitable for one who goes second; Being slow to take action inevitably leads to defeat - four character idiom

noun:

• Smilax glabra (species of sarsaparilla, used esp. to refer to its dried rhizome, used in Chinese medicine) - obscure term ➜ 山帰来

expression / adjective:

• unable to stay (on); unable to endure being somewhere a second longer; feel like running away ➜ 居たたまれない

interjection:

• shh! (used to silence someone); sh! ➜ しっ
• shoo! (used to drive off an approaching animal, etc.) ➜ しっ

suffix / adjective:

• -ish; -like; -looking - after a noun, the -nai stem of a verb, or repetitive syllables

interjection:

• excuse me; pardon me; used when visiting someone else's house to ask to be shown inside - used by samurai - archaism

expression:

• thousands die to make one hero; one general reaches glory, ten thousand bones are left to dry [literal] - proverb

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to think hard about (something that one doesn't know much of); to rack one's brain

noun:

• carapace; shell
• 1st in rank; grade A
• instep; back of hand
• the A party (e.g. in a contract); the first party; plaintiff (label in legal documents) ➜ 乙【おつ】

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to be found; to be discovered

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to boast of; to be proud of

~する verb (spec.):

• to fall in love with; to love

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to be exhausted; to be worn out

godan ~る verb / ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to be damp; to be moist - 一段 form is mainly spoken language