noun:

• complete state ownership of land and citizens (proclaimed by the Taika reforms) (Ritsuryo period) ➜ 私地私民

noun:

• polite Japanese as used by young part-time employees in restaurants, etc. - derogatory term ➜ バイト・敬語

noun:

• curtained sleeping platform in shinden-style residences (used by people of high rank)

noun:

• erection of a pillar by sinking it directly into the ground

noun:

• weight-loss diet accompanied by meticulous notes about when and what one has eaten - abbreviation ➜ レコーディングダイエット

noun:

• geisha; woman who entertains (e.g. by playing the shamisen) for her living - obscure term ➜ 歌妓

noun:

• room arranged for the summer (by removing screens and doors to improve air flow) ➜ 襖【ふすま】・障子

noun:

• seven boarding schools established in Kyoto by noble families during the early Heian period ➜ 大学別曹

noun:

• double-lined fusilier (Pterocaesio digramma)
• Taiwan (nickname)
• Takasago (classic noh play by Zeami)

noun:

• mushroom that springs up in the morning and withers by night; "something short-lived" [figurative] - archaism

noun:

• miso mixed with sugar and sake, thickened by stirring over low heat

noun:

• sake lees with black or brown specks (from oxidation enzymes produced by the yeast) ➜ 酒かす

noun:

• economic downturn precipitated by the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008 - From English "Lehman Shock"

noun:

• fashion not created by designers but based on street styles - From English "anonymous fashion"

noun:

• euphemisms used by superstitious sailors (e.g. calling sardines "sundries", whales "Ebisu", etc.)

noun:

• PRISM; mass electronic surveillance program operated by the United States National Security Agency

noun / ~する noun:

• imitation of a professional singer, musician, dancer, etc. usu. by an amateur - slang - abbreviation ➜ 完全コピー

noun:

• win by discarding nothing but terminal and honor tiles in an otherwise drawn round - Mahjong term

noun:

• non-allergic (vasomotor) rhinitis brought about by a sudden change in temperature - Medicine term

adverb:

• why?; what for?
• how?; by what means?

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to be taught (by); to learn from

godan ~る verb / transitive / intransitive verb:

• to happen to pass by

noun:

• work; book

suffix:

• (a book) by

adjectival noun / noun:

• obvious; striking

noun / ~する noun:

• regrettable defeat; defeat by a narrow margin

adverb / ~の noun:

• gradually; slowly; little by little; incrementally