godan ~る verb / transitive:

• to knead; to thicken into a paste (stirring over a flame)
• to polish (a plan, etc.); to refine; to elaborate; to work out
• to train; to drill; to exercise
• to gloss (silk); to soften; to degum ［練る］
• to tan (leather)
• to temper (steel) - also written as 錬る

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to walk in procession; to parade; to march - also written as 邌る

noun:

• departure; setting off; start
• being used up; being consumed; being burnt out
• passage of time; lapse
• rehearsal - abbreviation ➜ 立ち稽古【たちげいこ】
• leading male role in kabuki - abbreviation ➜ 立ち役【たちやく】
• rising from a crouch to charge; initial charge; faceoff - abbreviation - Sumo term ➜ 立会い【たちあい】

prefix:

• verb prefix conveying emphasis and sometimes formality

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to grow long (e.g. hair, nails) - esp. 伸ばす
• to lengthen; to extend; to stretch
• to reach out; to hold out - esp. 伸ばす
• to straighten; to smooth out
• to spread evenly (dough, cream, etc.)
• to dilute; to thin out
• to postpone - esp. 延ばす
• to prolong
• to strengthen; to develop; to expand

godan ~ぶ verb / intransitive verb:

• to fall down; to fall over
• to turn out; to play out ［ころぶ］ - oft. as どう転んでも
• to abandon Christianity (and convert to Buddhism); to apostatize ［ころぶ］ - in early Japanese Christianity
• to roll; to tumble ➜ ころがる
• (for a geisha) to prostitute (herself) in secret - archaism

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to collapse; to crumble
• to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to become disorganized; to become untidy
• to break down; to be thrown into disarray
• to crash (stock market); to slump; to decline
• to break money into small change
• to turn bad (e.g. weather); to change for the worse; to deteriorate

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to emboss
• to print out; to print
• to work out (e.g. policy); to hammer out; to come out with; to set forth
• to strike (a drum indicating the end of a performance)
• to begin striking; to start beating

noun / ~する noun:

• emission; emanation; radiation; diffusion; dispersion
• letting out (feelings); venting
• divergence (of light) Antonym: 集束
• divergence - Mathematics term Antonym: 収束

noun:

• back and front; inside and outside; both sides
• inside out (e.g. clothing)
• double-dealing; two faces (c.f. two-faced) ➜ 表裏
• outward appearance and actual condition; inner workings

noun:

• cloth dyed in a dappled pattern - abbreviation ➜ 鹿の子絞り
• pattern of white spots; dapples - abbreviation ➜ 鹿の子斑
• mochi containing red bean paste - abbreviation ➜ 鹿の子餅
• fawn - original meaning - archaism ➜ 鹿【か】

particle:

• than
• from; out of; since; at; on
• except; but; other than

adverb:

• more

noun / ~する noun:

• development; evolution; progressing; unfolding; (plot) twist
• expansion; spreading out; extending; deployment; building up
• expansion - Mathematics term
• extraction (e.g. files); decompression; unpacking - IT term

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to publish; to print; to carry (an article)
• to put up; to hang out; to hoist; to fly (a sail); to float (a flag, kite, etc.)
• to tuck up (e.g. sleeves); to roll up
• to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to adopt (a slogan)
• to stoke a fire; to fan a flame

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to smash; to crush; to flatten
• to shut down; to put out of business; to force (a company) to close up shop
• to wreck; to break; to block; to thwart
• to butcher; to slaughter; to kill (livestock, for food)
• to kill (time); to while away (the time)
• to waste (e.g. talents)

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

• to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.)
• to face (e.g. east); to look out on
• to point to
• to be suited to; to be fit for
• to go in the direction of; to lean towards (of a feeling)

adjectival noun / ~の noun:

• exhausted; tired - onomatopoeia
• withered; worn out

noun:

• boiling until shapeless or mushy
• tediously; repetitively; wordily - esp. ぐだぐだ ➜ くどくど

adjectival noun / noun:

• straight
• straightforward; direct; straight out; blunt
• neat (e.g. spirits); black (e.g. tea, coffee)

noun:

• fast ball; straight ball - Baseball term ➜ 直球【ちょっきゅう】

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to distribute; to arrange; to allot (to a position of authority, etc.) ➜ 配する
• to arrange; to lay out (as in decorating)
• to marry off
• to exile; to banish

~する verb (spec.) / transitive:

• to distribute; to arrange; to allot (to a position of authority, etc.) ➜ 配る
• to arrange; to lay out (as in decorating)
• to marry off - archaism
• to exile; to banish - archaism

godan ~く verb / transitive:

• to vomit; to throw up; to spit up
• to emit; to send forth; to breathe out
• to give (an opinion); to make (a comment); to express; to tell
• to confess

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to get tired; to tire
• to be worn out (e.g. of well used objects)
• to starve - archaism

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to unlock ［開ける］
• to open (for business, etc.) ［開ける］
• to empty; to remove; to make space; to make room - esp. 空ける
• to move out; to clear out - esp. 空ける
• to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily) - esp. 空ける

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to dawn; to grow light - esp. 明ける
• to end (of a period, season) - esp. 明ける
• to begin (of the New Year) - esp. 明ける
• to leave (one's schedule) open; to make time (for) - esp. 明ける
• to make (a hole); to open up (a hole)

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to place on (something)
• to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to pick up; to help on board - esp. 乗せる
• to load (luggage); to carry; to take on board - esp. 載せる
• to send out (on the airwaves, etc.)
• to deceive; to take for a ride
• to (sing) along with (musical accompaniment)
• to let (someone) take part
• to excite (someone)
• to publish (an article); to run (an ad) ［載せる］

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to look at; to gaze at; to watch; to stare at
• to look out over; to get a view of; to admire (e.g. the scenery)
• to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch; to observe

godan ~る verb / transitive:

• to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze - esp. 絞る
• to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to extract; to milk; to express milk - esp. 搾る
• to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice)
• to extort; to exploit
• to chew out; to reprimand severely; to rake over the coals; to give a sound scolding; to tell someone off; to scold; to rebuke - often passive voice ➜ 油を絞る
• to drill into; to train
• to narrow down (one's focus); to whittle down
• to gather up (curtain, etc.); to tighten (drawstring)
• to stop down (lens)
• to turn down (e.g. radio)
• to bend (bow); to draw
• to hold down; to constrict; to immobilize - Sumo term

godan ~む verb / transitive:

• to run (a business); to operate; to conduct; to practice (law, medicine, etc.)
• to carry out; to perform; to lead (a life)
• to hold (a Buddhist or Shinto ceremony)