noun:

• turning into a cooler state; cooling down ➜ 冷え込む

adjective:

• turning in one's grave; cannot rest in peace

noun / ~する noun:

• turn (stroke) of good fortune; one's fortune turning for the better - four character idiom

noun:

• hard lump under the skin (e.g. adipous tumor, lymph node tumor, etc.)

adverb / ~と adverb / ~する noun:

• grinding against; pressing or rubbing with turning movements (e.g. someone's shoulders with one's elbow) - onomatopoeia
• rolling one's eyes; goggling one's eyes; googly eyes
• rattling sound

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to spring up; to leap to one's feet; to jump up and down

expression:

• order's up; one order ready; coming up; your order is ready
• problem solved; one down; all done

noun / ~する noun:

• changing one's attitude; turning over a new leaf; getting a fresh start - four character idiom

noun / ~する noun:

• turning into a slum; becoming run-down; slumism; slumification

noun:

• top and bottom; high and low; above and below; upper and lower ends; up and down

noun / ~する noun:

• going up and down; rising and falling; fluctuating
• going and coming back

noun:

• upper and lower classes; ruler and ruled; the government and the people
• first and second volumes

noun / ~の noun:

• bargaining; negotiation
• turning one's body to the left or right and standing (when leaving the presence of nobility, etc.)
• sailing close-hauled; sailing on a close reach

noun / ~する noun / ~の noun:

• falling down; tumbling; overturning; turning over
• reversing; inverting; inversion
• getting upset

expression:

• pretending not to see something; turning a blind eye to; burying one's head in the sand

expression:

• pretending not to see something; turning a blind eye to; burying one's head in the sand ➜ 見て見ぬ振り

godan ~る verb / transitive:

• to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze - esp. 絞る
• to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to extract; to milk; to express milk - esp. 搾る
• to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice)
• to extort; to exploit
• to chew out; to reprimand severely; to rake over the coals; to give a sound scolding; to tell someone off; to scold; to rebuke - often passive voice ➜ 油を絞る
• to drill into; to train
• to narrow down (one's focus); to whittle down
• to gather up (curtain, etc.); to tighten (drawstring)
• to stop down (lens)
• to turn down (e.g. radio)
• to bend (bow); to draw
• to hold down; to constrict; to immobilize - Sumo term

noun:

• top and bottom; up and down; high and low; above and below; upper and lower ends

~の noun / noun:

• upside-down ➜ 上下になる

noun:

• neurasthenia; nervous breakdown - four character idiom
• concentration (card game involving turning over face-down cards to find identical pairs)

noun / ~する noun:

• ripening and turning yellow

expression / adjective:

• tossing and turning while asleep ➜ 寝相がいい

noun:

• mixed vegetable and seafood tempura ［かき揚げ・掻き揚げ・掻揚げ・掻揚］
• something pulled upwards
• small castle with a simple earthen-walled moat ［かき揚げ・掻き揚げ・搔き揚げ］ - abbreviation ➜ かき揚げ城【かきあげじろ】
• turning up a lamp wick

noun / ~する noun:

• bogging down; dragging on; turning into a quagmire; becoming mired in a mess

expression / noun / ~する noun:

• being held in suspense; being on edge; scared stiff; one's testicles going up and down [literal] - idiom - male language ➜ 上がったり下がったり【あがったりさがったり】

noun:

• pogo; dance in which one jumps up and down to the beat of the music

noun / ~する noun / ~の noun:

• rumination; regurgitation; chewing the cud

noun / ~する noun:

• turning over in one's mind; thinking over something; pondering; musing; rumination (about a subject)

noun:

• facial gesture of pulling one's eyelid down and sticking out one's tongue

noun / ~する noun:

• surrender (to the authorities); giving oneself up; turning oneself in