noun:

• direction; way - also ほう
• person; lady; gentleman - honorific language

noun / suffix noun:

• method of; manner of; way of

suffix noun:

• care of ...
• person in charge of ... - also がた
• side (e.g. "on my mother's side") - also がた

noun:

• book; volume; script ➜ ご本【ごほん】

prefix:

• this; present
• main; head
• real; regular

suffix / counter:

• counter for long cylindrical things; counter for films, TV shows, etc.; counter for goals, home runs, etc.; counter for telephone calls - sometimes pronounced ぼん or ぽん

noun / ~する noun / ~の noun:

• relation; relationship; connection
• participation; involvement; concern
• influence; effect

noun / ~する noun:

• sexual relations; sexual relationship

suffix noun:

• related to; connected to

noun / suffix noun:

• child
• young (animal) ➜ 仔【こ】
• young woman; young geisha - also 娘
• offshoot
• interest ➜ 元も子もない
• new shares - abbreviation ➜ 子株

noun:

• player who is not a dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.) ➜ 親【おや】

noun / suffix noun:

• bird egg - archaism

suffix noun:

• -er (often of young women) - after a noun or -masu stem

noun / suffix noun:

• within; inside of; less than

noun / suffix noun:

• fire; flame; blaze

noun / suffix noun:

• sound; noise; report
• note - Music term
• fame ［おと］
• Chinese-derived character reading ［おん］ ➜ 訓【くん】

noun / suffix noun:

• line; stripe; stria
• line (e.g. telephone line); wire
• ray (e.g. X-ray); beam ➜ Ｘ線
• line (e.g. of a railroad); track; route; lane
• outline; contours; form
• level
• division
• line (of action); position; approach; policy; principle ➜ いい線
• impression one leaves; air one gives off ➜ 線が太い・線が細い

noun / suffix noun:

• playing
• play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect) - usually written using kana alone

noun:

• ship; boat; watercraft; vessel; steamship ［船・舟］ - 舟 is often small and hand-propelled
• tank; tub; vat; trough

suffix noun / counter:

• counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi) ［船・舟］

noun / suffix noun:

• spot; mark
• point; dot
• mark (e.g. in exam); score; points

noun:

• comma
• aspect; matter; respect

counter:

• counter for goods, items, articles of clothing, works of art, etc.

noun / suffix noun:

• thread; yarn; string

godan ~う verb / intransitive verb:

• to come together; to merge; to unite; to meet
• to fit; to match; to suit; to agree with; to be correct
• to be profitable; to be equitable

suffix / godan ~う verb:

• to do ... to each other; to do ... together - after the -masu stem of a verb

noun / suffix noun:

• corner; nook; recess

noun:

• downstage right (on a noh stage) ［角］ - obscure term ➜ 目付柱

noun:

• twice; double

suffix:

• times; -fold

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised Antonym: 下がる
• to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in
• to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade
• to get out (of water); to come ashore
• to increase - also written as 騰る in ref. to price
• to improve; to make progress
• to be promoted; to advance
• to be made (of profit, etc.)
• to occur (esp. of a favourable result)
• to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.) - often as 〜で上がる
• to be finished; to be done; to be over
• (of rain) to stop; to lift
• to stop (working properly); to cut out; to give out; to die
• to win (in a card game, etc.)
• to be arrested ［挙がる］
• to turn up (of evidence, etc.) ［挙がる］
• to be deep fried ［揚がる］
• to be spoken loudly
• to get stage fright
• to be offered (to the gods, etc.)
• to go; to visit - humble language
• to eat; to drink - honorific language
• to be listed (as a candidate) - esp. 挙がる
• to serve (in one's master's home)
• to go north - in Kyoto

suffix / godan ~る verb:

• to be complete; to finish - after the -masu stem of a verb ➜ 出来上がる

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to go by; to go past; to go along; to travel along; to pass through; to use (a road); to take (a route); to go via; to go by way of
• to run (between); to operate (between); to connect - of public transport
• to go indoors; to go into a room; to be admitted; to be shown in; to be ushered in; to come in
• to penetrate; to pierce; to skewer; to go through; to come through
• to permeate; to soak into; to spread throughout
• to carry (e.g. of a voice); to reach far
• to be passed on (e.g. of a customer's order to the kitchen); to be relayed; to be conveyed
• to pass (a test, a bill in the House, etc.); to be approved; to be accepted
• to go by (a name); to be known as; to be accepted as; to have a reputation for
• to be coherent; to be logical; to be reasonable; to be comprehensible; to be understandable; to make sense
• to get across (e.g. of one's point); to be understood
• to be straight (e.g. wood grain)
• to be well-informed; to be wise - archaism

suffix / godan ~る verb:

• to do ... completely; to do ... thoroughly - after the -masu stem of a verb

adjectival noun / adverb / noun / ~の noun:

• amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic)
• full
• one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat

adverb / ~の noun / adjectival noun:

• fully; to capacity - usually written using kana alone
• a lot; much - usually written using kana alone

suffix noun / adverbial noun:

• all of ...; the entire ... - usually written using kana alone

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to pass through; to pass by; to go beyond
• to pass (i.e. of time); to elapse
• to have expired; to have ended; to be over
• to exceed; to surpass; to be above
• to be no more than ... - as 〜に過ぎない, etc.

ichidan verb / intransitive verb / suffix:

• to be excessive; to be too much; to be too ... - often used after adjective stems or the -masu stems of verbs - usually written using kana alone

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to hang up (e.g. a picture on the wall); to let hang; to suspend (from); to hoist (e.g. sail); to raise (e.g. flag) ➜ 壁にかける
• to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to cover
• to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.) ➜ 眼鏡を掛ける
• to make (a call) ➜ 電話を掛ける
• to spend (time, money); to expend; to use ➜ 時間を掛ける
• to pour (liquid) onto; to sprinkle (powder or spices) onto; to splash; to throw (e.g. water) onto somebody ➜ 塩をかける
• to turn on (an engine, radio, etc.); to set (a dial, an alarm clock, etc.); to put on (a DVD, a song, etc.)
• to cause (somebody inconvenience, trouble, etc.); to burden (someone); to impose ➜ 迷惑を掛ける
• to multiply (arithmetic operation)
• to secure (e.g. lock) ➜ 鍵を掛ける
• to take a seat; to sit; to rest (something on something else); to support (something on something else) ➜ 腰を掛ける
• to bind - also 繋ける
• to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble ➜ 賭ける【かける】
• to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on
• to hold (a play, festival, etc.)
• to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.)
• to argue (in court); to deliberate (in a meeting); to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.) ➜ 裁判に掛ける
• to increase further
• to catch (in a trap, etc.)
• to set atop
• to erect (a makeshift building)
• to apply (insurance) ➜ 保険を掛ける
• to pun (on a word); to use (a word) as a pivot word; to play on words ➜ 掛詞

suffix / ichidan verb:

• to be partway doing ...; to begin (but not complete) ...; to be about to ... - after -masu stem of verb ➜ 話し掛ける
• to address (someone); to direct (something, to someone); to do (something, to someone) - after -masu stem of verb; indicates (verb) is being directed to someone ➜ 話し掛ける

adverb:

• so; really; seeming

adjectival noun / suffix:

• appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of - after masu stem or adj-stem

suffix:

• suffix for familiar person - familiar language

noun / suffix:

• Mr (junior); master; boy

noun / suffix noun:

• city

~の noun / adjectival noun / noun / suffix noun / prefix noun:

• distinction; difference; different; another; particular; separate; extra; exception