noun:

• upper reaches (of a river); upper stream Antonym: 下【しも】
• top; upper part; upper half (of the body)
• long ago
• beginning; first
• person of high rank (e.g. the emperor) - honorific language ➜ 御上
• government; imperial court
• imperial capital (i.e. Kyoto); capital region (i.e. Kansai); region (or direction of) the imperial palace ➜ 上方【かみがた】
• head (of a table)
• wife; mistress (of a restaurant) - honorific language

noun:

• Diet member who succeeded a parent; Diet member who comes from a family of politicians; hereditary Diet member [literal]

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to insert; to put in ➜ 差す
• to plant (a cutting); to strike ➜ 挿し木
• to arrange (flowers) ➜ 挿し花
• to wear (a sword) in one's belt ➜ 差す
• to shut; to close; to lock; to fasten ➜ 鎖す【さす】

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to start; to begin; to commence
• to challenge; to pick (a fight); to make (war)
• to set (traps); to plant (explosives); to lay (mines)
• to make a meld call - Mahjong term ➜ 鳴く【なく】

noun:

• ratio of the margin of loss of an electoral candidate in a single-constituent district (used to break ties when determining the representative of a proportionally represented district)

noun:

• steaming basket; wooden frame holder with reed base used to steam food over a pot - 井籠 (rarely 井篭) refers to a square basket
• soba served on a small wickerwork tray; wickerwork tray (for serving soba)

noun:

• this way; here ［こなた］ ➜ こちら
• the person in question; he; she; him; her ［こなた］
• since (a time in the past); prior to (a time in the future) ［こなた］

pronoun:

• me ［こなた］
• you

noun / ~する noun:

• covering one's head with a handkerchief, scarf, etc.; tying a cloth around one's head
• feigning ignorance; shutting one's eyes (to)

noun:

• driving off birds
• procession held at the New Year to chase away the birds for the year, with children singing songs as the villagers walked from house to house
• female street musician who wore a braided hat and carried a shamisen
• street entertainer who appeared on New Year's eve and performed with a fan

noun:

• model; dummy; mock-up
• model (profession); fashion model
• model (of a car, etc.); make; version
• model; example; template; standard
• model (in model theory); theory
• person a fictional character was modeled on; inspiration

noun:

• young people who behave in a rowdy fashion (e.g. in a pub); young people who cheer and drink loudly

expression / godan ~く verb:

• to distance oneself (from); to keep (something or someone) at a distance; to maintain a distance (from)

noun:

• being kept standing (without doing anything); remaining on one's feet
• beggar; tramp
• prostitute; streetwalker
• tout (for a hostess bar)
• street drug pusher
• day laborer standing and waiting for a job.

noun:

• house; detached house; single house
• isolated house; house in isolated location
• building resembling a house, occupied by a single business (e.g. restaurant)

noun:

• age of a young lady who is at the peak of her (sexual) attractiveness; marriable age (of a young lady); sweet sixteen

godan ~む verb / transitive:

• to insert
• to interrupt; to slip in a word
• to harbor (e.g. doubts); to harbour; to entertain (e.g. a theory)

expression / ichidan verb:

• to raise one's hand or hands - usu. 手を挙げる
• to surrender - usu. 手を上げる
• to raise a hand to someone (as a threat to strike) - usu. 手を上げる
• to improve - usu. 手を上げる ➜ 腕を上げる

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to be summoned (i.e. of a geisha, by a customer)
• to be offered (the job of ...); to be invited (to do ...) - usu. as 〜の口が掛かる

godan ~る verb:

• to ride on a person's shoulders; to be carried on a person's back

noun:

• baking foods in a covered pan; foods baked in a covered pan

expression:

• despite having waited a long time; in spite of having waited a long time

noun:

• end (of a stick, rod, pole, etc.)
• end of a palanquin carrying pole
• palanquin bearer

expression / godan ~す verb:

• to give an answer; to find an answer to a question; to work out a solution

noun:

• gondola (boat) - From Italian
• gondola (of a hot-air balloon, airship, etc.); basket; cabin (of a cable car, ski lift, etc.); car (of an elevator)

godan ~す verb:

• to drive mad; to make insane
• to cause a malfunction; to put out of order; to throw out of kilter
• to derail (a plan, etc.)