prefix:

• surplus- (attaches to start of Sino-Japanese words); excess-; over-
• per- (chemical with more of a certain element than found in other compounds of the same constituents)

godan ~る verb / transitive:

• to knead; to thicken into a paste (stirring over a flame)
• to polish (a plan, etc.); to refine; to elaborate; to work out
• to train; to drill; to exercise
• to gloss (silk); to soften; to degum ［練る］
• to tan (leather)
• to temper (steel) - also written as 錬る

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to walk in procession; to parade; to march - also written as 邌る

noun:

• head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); proprietress; landlord; landlady; master (of a servant) - abbreviation
• entertaining someone as one's guest - also written as 饗 - archaism ➜ 饗設け

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to put on the market; to put out for sale; to put on sale; to begin selling; to market

godan ~す verb / intransitive verb:

• to become popular

adjectival noun:

• plausible (e.g. of a rumour); believable (e.g. of a story); specious (e.g. of an argument); credible (e.g. of a lie); looking very like the truth

noun:

• foot of a mountain; base of a mountain ➜ 山下【さんか】
• mine; colliery - esp. 山元
• owner of a mountain; operator of a mine - esp. 山元

noun:

• face (of a wall of coal or ore, etc.); working face (of a mine)

expression:

• (villains) of the same stripe; birds of a feather; badgers of the same hole [literal] - idiom

noun:

• general secretary (esp. of Communist parties of Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of North Korea); secretary-general - obscure term ➜ 書記長・総書記

noun:

• way of holding a calligraphy brush; position of the arm used for a particular type of calligraphy

noun:

• collection of treasures; collection of luck-bringing items
• pattern with drawings of several lucky items

noun / ~の noun:

• Brahman (priest of Hinduism, members of the highest caste) - From Sanskrit "brahmana"
• Brahmanism; priest of Brahmanism

noun:

• times and situations; the course of events of the times; a turn of Fortune's wheel - four character idiom

noun:

• making use of the surrounding landscape as a part of the design of a garden; natural scenery used as the background in the landscaping of a garden

noun:

• leader of a female gang; leader of a group of delinquent girls

noun:

• the way of the world in our time; the frame of mind of the people nowadays - four character idiom

adverbial noun:

• due to the nature of one's job; because of one's line of work

noun / ~する noun:

• consecration (of a person or thing, in Catholicism); sanctification; prayer of sanctification; ritual of consecration

noun:

• the rise of the curtain; opening (of play) ➜ 幕開き
• beginning (e.g. of an era); opening (festival, event, etc.)

noun:

• the (fast) pace at which life passes, and thus the nearness of death; promptitude of the changes of the times - four character idiom

expression / noun:

• why-why analysis; method of questioning that leads to the identification of the root cause(s) of a problem

noun / ~する noun:

• praising Buddha; sermon - Buddhism term
• praise (second of the five gates of mindfulness) - Buddhism term ➜ 五念門
• style of Buddhistic song of praise, usually praising Buddha, the Bodhisattva, the Buddhistic teachings, etc. - Buddhism term
• rumor; rumour; hearsay - archaism

ichidan verb / transitive:

• to put in order; to arrange; to tidy up; to straighten; to adjust; to fix - esp. 整える
• to get ready; to prepare; to arrange; to supply; to assemble; to buy - esp. 調える
• to work out (e.g. business deal); to arrange (e.g. marriage); to settle - esp. 調える

noun:

• to; traditional unit of volume, approx. 18 litres
• square bearing block (at the top of a pillar) ➜ 枡形
• Chinese "Dipper" constellation (one of the 28 mansions) - Astronomy term ➜ 二十八宿・玄武【げんぶ】

noun:

• Grand Tutor (second of the top three civil positions of the Zhou Dynasty)
• Minister of the Left (official in Nara and Heian periods) ➜ 左大臣