noun:

• criminal, administrative and civil codes (forming the basis of ancient East Asian law; orig. Chinese); legal codes of the Nara and Heian eras based on Chinese models ➜ 律・令【りょう】

noun:

• dirt mound
• dirt walls on the inside of the sunken hearth in a tea room
• platform made of dirt used to perform executions (decapitations) in the Edo period

noun:

• free use

~する noun:

• to use freely; to make free use of; to have good command (e.g. of a language)
• to drive someone on

suffix:

• style; manner
• after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time) ➜ 久しぶり【ひさしぶり】

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to be summoned (i.e. of a geisha, by a customer)
• to be offered (the job of ...); to be invited (to do ...) - usu. as 〜の口が掛かる

expression / ichidan verb:

• to be out of focus ➜ ずれる
• to be off the point (e.g. of a plan); to have not got the point

noun:

• (former) Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry); MITI

noun:

• (former) Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry); MITI ➜ 経済産業省【けいざいさんぎょうしょう】

noun / adjectival noun:

• the point of an argument being unclear; the tenor of an argument being poorly reasoned - four character idiom

noun:

• end (of a stick, rod, pole, etc.)
• end of a palanquin carrying pole
• palanquin bearer

adverb:

• as a test; as an experiment; by way of experiment; by way of trial; tentatively

noun:

• kanji for common use; jōyō kanji; list of 2,136 kanji established in 2010, formerly a list of 1,945 established in 1981 ➜ 当用漢字

godan ~す verb:

• to drive mad; to make insane
• to cause a malfunction; to put out of order; to throw out of kilter
• to derail (a plan, etc.)

noun:

• territories in the vicinity of the capital and under direct imperial rule; (in Japanese history) the five kuni in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to go on about (one's love affairs); to speak proudly of (one's spouse, girlfriend, etc.); to speak fondly of

noun:

• skilled actor who is like a child offstage; good actor who knows but little of the ways of the world - four character idiom
• child kabuki actor - orig. meaning - archaism

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to be made an example of; to be made a victim of; to be exposed to ridicule

expression / godan ~く verb:

• to start an act (of a play); to have curtains open; to have an (event, period of history, etc.) start ➜ 幕を閉じる

noun:

• Twenty-Five Histories; authoritative collection of twenty-five Chinese historical books (the Twenty-Four Histories and the New History of Yuan) ➜ 二十四史

godan ~む verb / intransitive verb:

• to get (much) colder; to deepen (cold)
• to feel cold (of the body); to be chilled to the bones
• to worsen (of relations, economic conditions, etc.)

noun:

• day of disgrace (in Okinawa; April 28, after the day in 1952 in which the US occupation of mainland Japan, but not Okinawa, ended)

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to become frightened; to be frightened (of); to be scared (of)

noun:

• enlightenment of the masses; leading the masses on the path of enlightenment (Buddhism) - four character idiom

noun:

• the passage of people and horses; coming and going of people and horses - four character idiom

noun:

• being apt to make a show of one's faults; penchant for boasting of one's faults; pretending to be worse than one really is - four character idiom