noun:

• Gresham's Law ("when there is a legal tender currency, bad money drives good money out of circulation") ➜ 悪貨は良貨を駆逐する

noun:

• horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down ➜ 横になる
• side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; breadth ➜ 首を横に振る
• side (of a box, etc.)
• beside; aside; next to
• unconnected ➜ 横から口を挟む

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to return (something); to restore; to put back - esp. 返す ➜ 帰す【かえす】
• to turn over; to turn upside down; to overturn
• to pay back; to retaliate; to reciprocate - esp. 返す

suffix / godan ~す verb:

• to repeat ...; to do ... back - after the -masu stem of a verb

godan ~む verb / transitive:

• to prune; to trim; to cut back; to clip
• to reap (a crop) and put into storage; to harvest
• to prune (a manuscript); to cut down

expression:

• it's always darkest before the dawn; the darkest hour is just before the dawn

adverbial noun:

• in the first place; to begin with; from the start; originally; ab initio

conjunction:

• after all; anyway; actually; well, ...; ... on earth (e.g. "what on earth?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?") - used when bringing up something already mentioned

noun / ~の noun:

• beginning; start

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to get tired; to tire
• to be worn out (e.g. of well used objects)
• to starve - archaism

noun / ~する noun:

• running aground; stranding ➜ 座礁
• being disabled (of a tank, train, etc.); being put out of action

noun:

• stormy weather (at sea) Antonym: 凪
• poor catch of fish (due to stormy seas)
• poor turn-out; recession

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

• to exude (e.g. sweat); to ooze; to seep out ➜ 染み出る
• to reveal itself (of emotions, etc.)

noun:

• device; contrivance; mechanism; gadget
• trick; trap; calculated manipulation; gambit
• (small) scale; half finished
• commencement; initiation
• set up; laying out; preparation
• challenge; attack

noun:

• setting off the night before one normally would have departed, travelling in a different direction, spending the night there, and leaving for one's destination in the morning (done to avoid travelling in an unlucky direction; a common practice during the Heian period) - archaism ➜ 方塞がり・方違へ所

noun:

• setting off the night before one normally would have departed, travelling in a different direction, spending the night there, and leaving for one's destination in the morning (done to avoid travelling in an unlucky direction; a common practice during the Heian period) - archaism ➜ 方塞がり

noun:

• first words said (e.g. when meeting someone); first thing out of one's mouth
• first speech; inaugural address

noun:

• burnt rice; scorched rice; crispy rice at bottom of cooking pan
• woman who hangs out with gay men - usually written using kana alone

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

• to boil; to seethe
• to roil (e.g. waterfall, torrent); to foam; to cascade down
• to well up (of emotions); to overflow (e.g. fighting spirit); to seethe (esp. blood)

noun / ~の noun:

• the two views (of an object) referring to the same thing; being inseparable like the two sides of an object; two sides of the same coin - four character idiom

noun:

• various forms of arts (e.g. acrobatics, magic, puppetry, sarugaku acrobatics performance) ➜ 猿楽【さるがく】
• miscellaneous songs popular from the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period ➜ 歌謡

godan ~す verb / transitive:

• to knock (someone) to their feet; to knock down
• to send flying; to strike; to fling; to fire
• to drive away (one's sorrows, worries, etc.); to dispel
• to drive at terrific speed; to barrel along

godan ~る verb:

• to rub out; to clean off; to clear away; to efface; to erase

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

• to evacuate; to clear out; to vacate; to withdraw; to take refuge

adverb / noun:

• annually; every year; year in and year out; from year to year - four character idiom

expression / ~する verb (irregular):

• to exclude (someone); to shun; to ignore; to leave out; to ostracize

expression / ichidan verb:

• to establish an emotional bond with; to reach out to; to relate to

noun:

• Man of the Year, referring to a man born in a year with the same Chinese zodiac sign as the current year