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JLPTN4
払う☆【はらうharau】 Inflection

godan ~う verb / transitive:

  • to pay (e.g. money, bill)
  • to brush off; to wipe away; to clear away; to dust off; to cut off (e.g. branches)
  • to drive away (e.g. one's competitors)
  • to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of
  • to pay (e.g. attention); to show (e.g. respect, concern)
  • to make (e.g. effort, sacrifice); to expend; to exert
  • to move out (of one's own place); to vacate
  • to sweep (e.g. one's legs); to knock aside
  • to make a sweeping stroke (in Japanese calligraphy)
  • to reset (an abacus)

両親ryoushinがga喜んでyorokonde経済的にkeizaitekini援助enjoしてshiteくれるkureruのnoにni、なぜnaze君kimiはha自分でjibunde学費gakuhiをwo払うharauことkotoにni固執koshitsuするsuruのnoかka。 Why do you insist on paying for your school expenses yourself, when your parents are willing to give you financial support?

彼女kanojoはha毎日mainichi家具kaguのnoほこりhokoriをwo払うharau。 She dusts the furniture every day.

彼女kanojoはhaそのsonoおo金金をwo払うharau必要hitsuyouはhaなかったnakattaのにnoni。 She need not have paid the money.

JLPTN3
過ごす☆【すごすsugosu】過す Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

  • to pass (time); to spend
  • to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol)
  • to take care of; to support - archaism

godan ~す verb / auxiliary verb:

  • to overdo; to do too much
  • to ... without acting on it

若いwakai男女danjoがga人里離れたhitozatohanareta洋館youkanでde恐怖kyoufuのno一夜ichiyaをwo過ごすsugosuというtoiu、ホラーHORAAのno定番teibanスタイルSUTAIRUだda。 This is a horror staple - young men and women spend a night of terror in an isolated house.

名古屋nagoyaのno夏natsuをwo涼しくsuzushiku過ごすsugosuにはniha扇風機senpuukiがga必須hissuだda。 In Nagoya summers a fan is essential to help stay cool.

JLPTN3
譲る☆【ゆずるyuzuru】 Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

  • to hand over; to transfer; to turn over; to assign; to convey; to bequeath
  • to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way
  • to yield; to concede; to give ground; to surrender
  • to sell
  • to postpone; to put off; to defer

彼kareはha息子musukoにni仕事shigotoをwo譲るyuzuruことkotoにni決めましたkimemashita。 He has decided to turn over his business to his son.

混雑konzatsuしているshiteiru列車resshaのno中nakaでdeはha、私watashiはha自分jibunのno席sekiをwoおo年寄りtoshiyoriにniゆずるyuzuruようにしているyounishiteiru。 In a crowded train, I make it a rule to give my seat to old people.

JLPTN3
番☆【ばんban】

noun:

  • number (in a series)
  • (one's) turn
  • watch; guard; lookout
  • bout; match - Sumo term

私のwatashino自宅jitakuのno電話denwa番号bangouはha市外shigai局番kyokubanがga２０１でde１２３ー４５６７番banですdesu。 My home phone number is, area code two-oh-one, one-two-three, four-five-six-seven.

６時jiからkaraずっとzutto待っているmatteiruのだnodaがga、僕bokuのno番banがgaまだmada来ないkonai。 I've been waiting since six o'clock and still my turn hasn't come.

JLPTN2
押さえる★【おさえるosaeru】押える Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

  • to pin down; to hold down; to press down - also written as 圧さえる
  • to cover (esp. a part of one's body with one's hand); to clutch (a body part in pain); to press (a body part)
  • to get a hold of; to obtain; to seize; to catch; to arrest
  • to grasp (a point); to comprehend
  • to quell; to subdue; to suppress; to repress; to hold back; to check; to curb; to contain ➜ 抑える【おさえる】

野茂nomoがga打者dashaをwoおさえるosaeruとto観客kankyakuがgaわきあがりますwakiagarimasu。 It causes quite a sensation when Nomo pitches a no-hitter.

低tei血糖kettou症shouのno人hitoはha、感情kanjouをwo押さえるosaeru力chikaraがgaないnaiのでnode、すぐsuguにni怖がっkowagaたりtari怒っokoたりtariするsuru。 People suffering from low level of blood sugar disorder, because they lack the power to suppress their emotions, get easily frightened and angry.

JLPTN2
絞る★【しぼるshiboru】搾る☆ Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

  • to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze - esp. 絞る
  • to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to extract; to milk; to express milk - esp. 搾る
  • to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice)
  • to extort; to exploit
  • to chew out; to reprimand severely; to rake over the coals; to give a sound scolding; to tell someone off; to scold; to rebuke - often passive voice ➜ 油を絞る
  • to drill into; to train
  • to narrow down (one's focus); to whittle down
  • to gather up (curtain, etc.); to tighten (drawstring)
  • to stop down (lens)
  • to turn down (e.g. radio)
  • to bend (bow); to draw
  • to hold down; to constrict; to immobilize - Sumo term

ああaa、牛ushiのno乳chichiはhaそんなふうにsonnafuuni搾るshiboruのですnodesuかka。 Oh, is that the way you milk a cow?

私watashiはha５ポンドPONDO絞るshiboru必要hitsuyouがgaあるaru。 I need to lose five pounds.

何nani世紀seikiにniもmo、読み書きyomikakiにni焦点shoutenをwo絞るshiboru語学gogaku教育kyouikuでdeあるaru。 For centuries, foreign language teaching focused on reading and writing.

JLPTN1
つつくtsutsuku☆《突く・突付くirr.・突つくirr.》 Inflection

godan ~く verb / transitive:

  • to poke (repeatedly, lightly); to nudge
  • to peck at (one's food); to pick at
  • to peck at (someone's faults, etc.)
  • to egg on; to put up to

藪yabuをwoつついてtsutsuiteヘビHEBIをwo出すdasu。 It's not good to wake a sleeping snake.

きつつきkitsutsukiはha、長くnagaku尖ったtogattaくちばしkuchibashiでde、木kiのno幹mikiをwoつついてtsutsuite、中nakaにniいるiru虫mushiをwo食べますtabemasu。 Woodpeckers peck tree trunks with their long pointed beaks and eat insects found there.

伸び★【のびnobi】延び

noun:

  • growth; development
  • stretching (one's body, e.g. when waking up)
  • (ability to) spread (of paint, cream, etc.)
  • elongation; extension; carry (e.g. of sound); sustain

もうmou髪を切ってkamiwokitteもらってmoratteもmoいいii時tokiですdesuよyo。大分ooita伸びnobi過ぎていますsugiteimasuよyo。 It's high time you had your hair cut; it has grown too long.

父chichiはha夕食yuushokuがgaすんでsundeからkara伸びnobiをwoしたshita。 My father stretched after dinner.

路地☆【ろじroji】露地☆・露路

noun:

  • alley; alleyway; lane ［路地・露路］
  • bare earth (i.e. ground not covered by a roof); open field; outdoors (non-greenhouse cultivation of crops) ［露地］
  • teahouse garden ［路地・露地］
  • path through a gate (or through a garden, etc.)

市shiのno北kitaのnoはずれhazureはha路地rojiのno迷路meiroであるdearu。 The northernmost part of the city is a maze of alleys.

そのsono町machiにniはhaたくさんtakusanのno狭いsemai路地rojiがgaあるaru。 The town has many narrow lanes.

振り回す☆【ふりまわすfurimawasu】振りまわす・振回す Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

  • to wield; to brandish; to flourish; to wave (about); to swing
  • to display (one's knowledge); to show off
  • to abuse (one's power)
  • to manipulate someone

そのようにsonoyouni刃物hamonoをwo振り回すfurimawasuことkotoはha危険kikenだda。 It is dangerous to wield an edged tool in such a way.

巡らす【めぐらすmegurasu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

  • to enclose (with); to surround (with); to encircle
  • to turn (one's head, heel, etc.)
  • to think over; to work out
  • to notify (orally or in writing) - archaism
つっつくtsuttsuku《突っ突く・突っつく》 Inflection

godan ~く verb / transitive:

  • to poke (repeatedly, lightly); to nudge ➜ 突く【つつく】
  • to peck at (one's food); to pick at
  • to peck at (someone's faults, etc.)
  • to egg on; to put up to

ハゲタカHAGETAKAがga突っつくtsuttsuku死んだshinda鹿shikaとかtoka、他のtano動物doubutsuのno食べ残しtabenokoshiとかtoka、 そういうsouiu腐ったkusatta肉nikuをwo死肉shinikuとto書きましたkakimashita。 A dead deer being pecked by vultures, remains partly eaten by other animals, that sort of rotten meat is called 'carrion'.

果【かka】

noun:

  • phala (attained state, result) - Buddhism term ➜ 因
  • enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice) - Buddhism term ➜ 悟り
  • fruit ➜ 果物

counter:

  • counter for pieces of fruit
言い立てる【いいたてるiitateru】言いたてる・言立てる Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

  • to assert; to declare; to claim; to state; to insist; to maintain
  • to list (one by one); to enumerate; to count off
  • to spread rumours (rumors); to go on and on (about)
  • to use as an excuse - archaism
根【こんkon】

noun:

  • stick-to-itiveness; perseverance; persistence
  • radical (esp. one that tends to ionize easily) ➜ 基【き】
  • root - Mathematics term
  • indriya (faculty of the body having a specific function, i.e. the sensory organs) - Buddhism term
JLPTN3
訴える☆【うったえるuttaeru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

  • to raise; to bring to (someone's attention)
  • to appeal to (reason, emotions, etc.); to work on (one's emotions); to play on (one's sympathies) ➜ 理性に訴える
  • to complain
  • to sue (a person); to take someone to court
  • to resort to (e.g. arms, violence) ➜ 暴力に訴える

同性douseiをwoセクハラSEKUHARAでde訴えるuttaeruことkotoできないdekinaiのnoかしらkashira。 I wonder if you can sue someone of the same sex for sexual harassment?

政府seifuはha通常tsuujouインフレINFUREがgaあるaru水準suijunにni達したtasshita場合baaiはha、物価bukkaのno抑制yokuseiのno措置sochiにni訴えるuttaeru。 Governments usually resort to price control when inflation has reached a certain level.

彼女kanojoはha頭痛zutsuuをwo訴えるuttaeru、それsoreもmoしょっちゅうshotchuuだda。 She complains of headaches, and that very often.

JLPTN1
発★【はつhatsu】

noun / suffix noun:

  • departure; departing (from ...); departing (at time ...) ➜ 着【ちゃく】
  • sending; sent (by ...); sent (at ...)
  • engine - abbreviation ➜ 発動機

counter:

  • counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.; counter for bullets, bombs, etc.; counter for blows (punches) - also ぱつ

６時ji発hatsuのnoニューヨークNYUUYOOKU行きikiのno列車resshaにni乗りnoriたいtaiのですnodesu。 I want to catch the six o'clock train to New York.

彼kareはha３発hatsu撃ったutta。 He fired three shots.

JLPTN1
収まる☆【おさまるosamaru】納まる☆ Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

  • to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to fall within (e.g. a budget)
  • to settle down (into); to be installed (in one's rightful place); to be returned (to one's original position)
  • to settle into (one's position); to take up (a post); to occupy (a role) - esp. 納まる
  • to be delivered; to be paid (e.g. taxes) ［納まる］
  • to be settled (dispute, conflict, etc.); to be sorted; to subside (e.g. wind); to calm down; to abate ［収まる］ ➜ 治まる
  • to be satisfied (e.g. with an answer); to consent; to agree

最後saigoにはnihaうまくumaku収まるosamaruだろうdarou。 It'll come right in the end.

JLPTN1
緩める☆【ゆるめるyurumeru】弛める Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

  • to loosen; to slacken Antonym: 締める
  • to relax (attention, efforts, etc.); to let down (one's guard); to relieve (tension)
  • to relax (a rule); to ease (e.g. restrictions); to loosen (control)
  • to reduce (speed); to slow down; to ease up
  • to make more gradual (of a slope)
失敬☆【しっけいshikkei】 Inflection

noun / ~する noun / adjectival noun:

  • rudeness; impoliteness; disrespect; impertinence

noun / ~する noun:

  • leaving; going (on one's way); saying goodbye
  • taking without permission; stealing; pinching; pilfering

interjection:

  • My apologies; I must be going now; So long - male language

葬式soushikiをwo干渉kanshouするsuruのnoはhaひどくhidoku失敬shikkeiなnaまねmaneだda。 Interfering a funeral it's a great show of disrespect.

ぐりぐりguriguri・グリグリGURIGURI Inflection

noun:

  • hard lump under the skin (e.g. adipous tumor, lymph node tumor, etc.)

adverb / ~と adverb / ~する noun:

  • grinding against; pressing or rubbing with turning movements (e.g. someone's shoulders with one's elbow) - onomatopoeia
  • rolling one's eyes; goggling one's eyes; googly eyes
  • rattling sound
JLPTN5
結構★【けっこうkekkou】 Inflection

adjectival noun / adverbial noun / noun:

  • splendid; nice; wonderful; delicious; sweet

adjectival noun:

  • sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); (by implication) no thank you
  • well enough; OK; tolerable

adverb:

  • quite; reasonably; fairly; tolerably

noun:

  • construction; architecture - archaism

猛烈mouretsuにni勉強しなくてbenkyoushinakuteもmoすむsumuとtoはha、結構kekkouですdesuねne。 It is good that you do not have to study so hard.

「何naniをwoさしあげsashiageましょうmashouかka」「いやiya、けっこうkekkou。ただtada見てmite回っているmawatteiruだけdakeだからdakara」 "Can I help you?" "No, thank you. I'm just looking around."

商品shouhinはhaお引き取りohikitoriいただいてitadaiteもmo結構kekkouですdesuしshi、返送hensouしてshiteもmoかまいませんkamaimasen。 If you wish, you may pick them up, or we would be glad to send them back to you.

一日中コンピューターKONPYUUTAAにni向かってるmukatteruからkara、結構kekkou電磁波denjiha。 I sit in front of a computer screen all day, so I get pretty heavily bombarded by electro-magnetic waves.

JLPTN2
砕ける☆【くだけるkudakeru】摧ける Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

  • to break (into pieces); to be broken; to be smashed
  • to collapse; to crumble; to decline; to cool (e.g. enthusiasm); to dampen (e.g. one's will to fight)
  • to become less formal; to throw off reserve; to become affable ➜ くだけた
  • to become easy to understand (e.g. a story) ➜ くだけた
  • to be worried

くだけるkudakeru波namiがga泡awaをwo作ったtsukutta。 The breaking waves formed foam.

JLPTN5
どうぞdouzo☆

adverb:

  • please; kindly; I beg of you ➜ 何卒
  • by all means; feel free; you are welcome
  • here you are - previously written as 何卒
JLPTN5
履く☆【はくhaku】佩く・穿く・着く・帯く Inflection

godan ~く verb / transitive:

  • to put on (or wear) lower-body clothing (i.e. pants, skirt, etc.); to put on (or wear) footwear - usu 履く or 穿く
  • to affix a sword to one's hip - usu. 佩く or 帯く
  • to affix a bowstring to a bow

母hahaはha私watashiがgaミニスカートMINISUKAATOをwoはくhakuのnoをwo許さなかったyurusanakatta。 My mother didn't let me wear a miniskirt.

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