noun:

• essence; true nature; substance; reality - archaism

adverb:

• originally; naturally; by nature; from the start - archaism

noun:

• old road; ancient road
• ancient methods; ancient moral teachings; the way of learning ［こどう］

conjunction:

• subsequently; next

expression:

• after ...; following ...; in the wake of ... - as 〜に続いて

expression / godan ~る verb:

• to suddenly assume an antagonistic attitude; to suddenly become defiant; to turn aggressive (in one's manner)
• to moon; to point one's naked buttocks at someone; to give somebody the brown-eye

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

• to bite into; to sink one's teeth into
• to stick to; to cling to; to hold on to ［かじりつく］

expression / godan ~す verb:

• to meddle; to poke one's nose into; to interfere
• to make a pass at; to flirt with; to make a move on

noun / ~する noun:

• top and bottom; up and down; high and low; above and below; upper and lower ends

noun:

• upper and lower classes; ruler and ruled; the government and the people ［しょうか］

noun:

• teacher - colloquialism - derogatory term
• previous ruler; previous lord; lord of the previous generation

noun:

• handwriting; autograph; authorization; authorisation ➜ 墨付き
• certificate; certified document; paper with signature of the shogun or lord

noun:

• knight - Shōgi term
• keima (in go); knight's move; stone placed at a knight's jump from another stone of the same color - usually written using kana alone

noun:

• puppeteer; puppet player
• wirepuller; string-puller; man behind the scenes ［かいらいし］

godan ~む verb / intransitive verb:

• to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to be matched against
• to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on

adverb:

• early; quickly; soon - slang, ksb, arch. equiv. of 早く - colloquialism - abbreviation

noun:

• early morning; early hour; early in the day

expression / adverb:

• in all; in total; collectively - esp. 合わせて, 合せて

expression / conjunction:

• in addition; besides; at the same time - esp. 併せて

adverb:

• now; soon; shortly; before long; presently
• already; yet; by now; (not) anymore ➜ すでに
• further; more; again; another; the other

interjection:

• tsk; dammit; jeez; come on - used to strengthen expression of an emotion (often exasperation)

adverb:

• too; also; likewise; either ➜ 矢っ張り【やっぱり】
• still; as before ➜ 矢っ張り【やっぱり】
• even so; either way; nonetheless; in any event; all the same ➜ 矢っ張り【やっぱり】
• as expected ➜ 矢っ張り【やっぱり】

adjectival noun / noun / ~の noun:

• natural; reasonable; obvious
• usual; common; ordinary; commonplace; the norm

adverb:

• too; also; likewise; either ➜ 矢張り【やはり】
• still; as before ➜ 矢張り【やはり】
• even so; either way; after all; nonetheless; in any event; all the same ➜ 矢張り【やはり】
• as expected ➜ 矢張り【やはり】

auxiliary adjective:

• seeming ...; appearing ... - expresses judgement based on evidence, reason or trustworthy hearsay

suffix / adjective:

• -ish; like a ...; typical of ...; appropriate for ...; becoming of ...; worthy of the name ... - after a noun, adverb or adjective stem

adverb:

• too; also; likewise; either - abbreviation ➜ やっぱり
• still; as before - abbreviation
• even so; either way; nonetheless; in any event; all the same - abbreviation
• as expected - abbreviation

adverb:

• too; also; likewise; either
• still; as before
• even so; either way; nonetheless; in any event; all the same
• as expected

adjective:

• light; well-lit; well-lighted
• bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; brightly-colored
• cheerful; bright; spirited; sunny (e.g. disposition)
• encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.); promising; of fair prospects
• familiar (with); knowledgeable (about); well versed (in) - as 〜に明るい
• fair (e.g. politics); clean; impartial

noun / suffix noun:

• playing
• play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect) - usually written using kana alone

noun / suffix noun:

• corner; nook; recess

noun:

• downstage right (on a noh stage) ［角］ - obscure term ➜ 目付柱

noun / ~する noun:

• action; activity

noun:

• movie (esp. during the silent movie period) - abbreviation - obsolete term ➜ 活動写真