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JLPTN4

倒れる^★【たおれるtaoreru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to fall (over, down); to collapse; to take a fall; to topple
to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to cave in; to crumble; to give away
to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to break down (e.g. from overwork)
to die; to be killed
to go bankrupt (of a company, bank, etc.); to fail; to collapse; to go under
to be defeated (in a game); to lose
to fall (of a government, dictator, etc.); to be overthrown

私watashi はha 通りtoori でde 老人roujin がga あお向けaomuke にni倒れるtaoreruのno をwo 見たmita。 I saw an old man fall on his back in the street.

あのano 元気なgenkina 男otoko がga 病気byouki でde倒れるtaoreruなんてnante、鬼oni のno霍乱とto もっぱらmoppara のno 噂uwasa だda よyo。 For a healthy cheerful guy like that to get sick is like the devil getting sunstroke. Everyone is talking about it.

内閣naikaku はha倒れるtaoreruだろうdarou ということだtoiukotoda。 They say that the cabinet will fall.

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JLPTN3

流れる^☆【ながれるnagareru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink)
to be washed away; to be carried
to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to wander; to stray
to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire); to spread; to circulate
to be heard (e.g. music); to be played
to lapse (e.g. into indolence, despair)
to pass; to elapse; to be transmitted
to be called off; to be forfeited
to disappear; to be removed

城shiro からkara そのsono ふもとfumoto をwo ゆるやかにyuruyakani 湾曲wankyoku してshite流れるnagareru川kawa 全体zentai がga 見えましたmiemashita。 From the castle we could see the whole curve of the river around its base.

アルフォンスARUFUONSUがga 空sora をwo 見上げたmiageta ままmama、速くhayaku流れるnagareru雲kumo をwo 見つめていたmitsumeteita。 Alphonse looked at the racing clouds, his eyes turned to the sky.

電流denryuu がga流れるnagareru電線densen にni コイルKOIRU をwo 近づけるchikazukeru とto、コイルKOIRU にもnimo 電気denki がga 流れますnagaremasu。 When a coil is moved near to a wire with current flowing in it current flows in the coil as well.

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JLPTN3

かぶるkaburu^☆・かむるkamuru《被る・冠る》 Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to put on (one's head); to wear; to have on; to pull over (one's head); to crown (oneself)
to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to dash on oneself; to ship water
to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to assume (responsibility); to shoulder (burden)
to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
to be similar; to be redundant

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to be fogged (due to overexposure, etc.) - of film
to close; to come to an end - of a play, etc.
to get a full house; to sell out - of a play, etc.
to blunder; to bungle; to fail - of a play, etc. - archaism ➜ 毛氈を被る
to be deceived - archaism

「白いshiroi 帽子boushi をwoかぶっているkabutteiru男の人otokonohito はha 誰dare ですかdesuka」とto 私watashi はha 彼女kanojo にni 言ったitta。 I asked her who the man wearing the white hat was.

そのsono 機械kikai はha ほこりhokori をwoかぶっていたkabutteita。 The machine was coated with dust.

避難民hinanmin はha 食料shokuryou やya 水mizu、薬kusuri などnado その他sonota いろいろiroiro 不足fusoku をwo被るkoumuruものmono だda。 Refugees will suffer lack of food, water, medicine and all that.

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JLPTN2

下る^☆【くだるkudaru】降る Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to descend; to go down; to come down
to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.)
to pass (of time)
to surrender; to capitulate
to be less than; to be inferior to - often in neg. form
to have the runs; to have diarrhea - also written as 瀉る ➜ 腹が下る
to pass (in stool); to be discharged from the body
to depreciate oneself; to be humble - archaism

山yama をwo下ったkudattaところtokoro にni 学校gakkou がga あるaru。 There is a school down the mountain.

彼kare はha 懲役choueki十年nen でde、女房nyoubou にはniha三年のno 刑kei がga下ったkudatta。 He was given ten years and his wife three.

米bei のno 収穫shuukaku がga下ったらkudattara大変なtaihenna ことになるkotoninaru ぞzo。 A poor rice harvest will get us into real trouble.

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JLPTN4

通る^☆【とおるtooru】徹る・透る Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to go by; to go past; to go along; to travel along; to pass through; to use (a road); to take (a route); to go via; to go by way of
to run (between); to operate (between); to connect - of public transport
to go indoors; to go into a room; to be admitted; to be shown in; to be ushered in; to come in
to penetrate; to pierce; to skewer; to go through; to come through
to permeate; to soak into; to spread throughout
to carry (e.g. of a voice); to reach far
to be passed on (e.g. of a customer's order to the kitchen); to be relayed; to be conveyed
to pass (a test, a bill in the House, etc.); to be approved; to be accepted
to go by (a name); to be known as; to be accepted as; to have a reputation for
to be coherent; to be logical; to be reasonable; to be comprehensible; to be understandable; to make sense
to get across (e.g. of one's point); to be understood
to be straight (e.g. wood grain)
to be well-informed; to be wise - archaism

suffix / godan ~る verb:

to do ... completely; to do ... thoroughly - after the -masu stem of a verb

容易youi にni 試験shiken にni通るtooruとto 思うomou。 I expect her to pass the examination easily.

法案houan はha 間違いなくmachigainaku通るtooruよyo。 This bill is safe to pass.

富んでいるtondeiru ものmono がga 神kami のno 国kuni にni 入るhairu よりyori はha、らくだrakuda がga 針hari のno 穴ana をwo通るtooru方hou がga もっとmotto 易しいyasashii。 It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.

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JLPTN3

伸びる^☆【のびるnobiru】延びる^☆ Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to grow (of hair, height, grass, etc.)
to straighten out; to be flattened; to become smooth
to spread (of paint, cream, etc.)
to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
to lose elasticity; to become slack; to become soggy (e.g. noodles)
to make progress; to develop; to expand; to increase; to improve ［伸びる］
to be exhausted; to be groggy; to pass out; to collapse ［伸びる］
to be prolonged (meeting, life span, etc.); to be extended (e.g. deadline); to lengthen (e.g. of the days) ［延びる］
to be postponed; to be delayed; to be put off ［延びる］

時間jikan にni 縛られたshibarareta 社会shakai でde はha、時toki はha 線sen のようにnoyouni、つまりtsumari 過去kako からkara 現在genzai をwo 通ってtootte 未来mirai にni 向かってmukatte延びるnobiru１本hon のno 直線chokusen と見られているtomirareteiru。 In a time-bound society time is seen as linear- in other words as a straight line extending from the past, through the present, to the future.

消費shouhi はha 心持ちkokoromochi伸びるnobiru程度teido でしょうdeshou。 Spending will grow only a touch faster.

身長shinchou ってtte どうdou やっya たらtara伸びるnobiruんn だろdaro うu。 How can I get taller?

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JLPTN2

浮く^☆【うくuku】 Inflection

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to float
to become merry; to be cheerful ➜ 浮かぬ顔
to become loose; to become unsteady
to feel out of it; to be cut off (e.g. from those around you); to feel out of place - colloquialism
to be frivolous; to be uncertain
to have (time, money, etc.) left over; to be saved (e.g. money)
to have no basis; to be unreliable

油abura はha 水mizu にni浮くuku性質seishitsu がga あるaru。 Oil floats on water.

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JLPTN5

開く^☆【あくaku】空く^☆・明く Inflection

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to open (e.g. doors) - esp. 開く
to open (e.g. business, etc.) - esp. 開く
to be empty - esp. 空く
to be vacant; to be available; to be free - esp. 空く
to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.) - esp. 明く
to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.) - esp. 明く
to come to an end - esp. 明く

godan ~く verb / transitive:

to open (one's eyes, mouth, etc.) - esp. 明く

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to have a hole; to form a gap; to have an interval (between events) ➜ 穴が開く

ぐいとguito 押すosu とto ドアDOA はha開いたhiraita。 The door yielded to a strong push.

お宅otaku のno 店mise はha 何時itsu までmadeあいていますaiteimasuかka。 How late are you open?

１塁がgaあいていたaiteitaのでnode 打者dasha をwo 歩かせたarukaseta。 With first base open, he walked the batter.

いつもitsumo 何曜日naniyoubi ならnara空いていますaiteimasuかka？ What day are you usually free?

箱hako はha空いていてaiteite中naka はha からkara だったdatta。 The box was open and empty.

そのsono 皮製kawasei のno 上着uwagi のno 両肘ryouhiji 部分bubun がga 擦り減ってkosurihette 穴ana がga空いたaita。 The leather jacket has worn out at the elbows.

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JLPTN4

受ける^☆【うけるukeru】請ける^☆・承ける・享ける Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

to receive; to get
to catch (e.g. a ball)
to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
to be given (e.g. life, talent) - esp. 受ける, 享ける

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by) - esp. ウケる - colloquialism - usually written using kana alone

ichidan verb / transitive:

to follow; to succeed; to be descended from - esp. 受ける, 享ける
to face (south, etc.)
to be modified by - esp. 受ける, 承ける - Linguistics term
to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee - esp. 請ける, now primarily used in compound words ➜ 請け出す

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well - esp. ウケる, うける - usually written using kana alone

試練shiren をwo受けるukeruことになったkotoninattaダレン。DAREN.失敗shippai すればsureba、死刑shikei！ Darren is to be put through a trial. If he fails, it's the death penalty!

それsore をwo 発明hatsumei したshita 教授kyouju はha 大学daigaku からkara 相当soutou のno 対価taika をwo受けるukeru権利kenri がga あるaru。 The professor who invented it has the right to reasonable remuneration from the university.

重大なjuudaina 罪tsumiにniついてtsuite はha、指導者shidousha にni 告白kokuhaku しshi なければnakereba 赦しyurushi をwo受けるukeruことkoto がga できないdekinai とto もmo 教えていますoshieteimasu。 They also teach that, for great sins, they cannot receive forgiveness unless they confess to their leader.

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JLPTN4

まいるmairu^☆《参る・詣る》 Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to go; to come; to call - humble language
to be defeated; to collapse; to die
to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to be madly in love
to visit (shrine, grave) ➜ 墓参り

君kimi にはniha参るmairuよyo。 You got me!

七五三shichigosan はha11月tsuki15日nichi ですdesu。男の子otokonoko はha3歳sai とto5歳sai、女の子onnanoko はha3歳sai とto7歳sai にni あたるataru そのsono 祭りmatsuri にni、子どもkodomo のno 成長seichou をwo 祝いiwai、晴着haregi をwo 着せkise てte 神社jinja にni詣るmairu。 On November 15th the seven-five-three festival when parents with boys of five, girls of seven and either boys or girls of three dress, celebrate children's maturation, dress them in gay clothes and take to shrines where they pray for their children's future.

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JLPTN4

開く^☆【ひらくhiraku】 Inflection

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb / transitive:

to open; to undo; to unseal; to unpack
to bloom; to unfold; to spread out
to open (for business, e.g. in the morning)
to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen

godan ~く verb / transitive:

to hold (meeting, etc.); to give; to open
to found (nation, dynasty, sect, etc.); to open (a new business); to set up; to establish; to start
to open (ports, borders, etc.)
to open (an account)
to open up (new land, path, etc.); to clear; to develop ➜ 拓く
to open (a file, etc.) - IT term
to extract (root); to reduce (equation) - Mathematics term
to cut open (fish) - as 魚を開く - Food term
to change (kanji into hiragana)

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to flare (e.g. skirt)
to slacken (into a poor posture) - as 体が開く, 肩が開く, etc. - Sports term

先週senshuu、私達watashitachi はha 舞踏会butoukai をwo開きましたhirakimashita。 We gave a ball last week.

庭niwa のno バラBARA のno 木ki のno つぼみtsubomi がga 少しずつsukoshizutsu開きhiraki始めるhajimeru。 Little by little, the buds on the rosebush in my garden begin to open.

私達watashitachi はha そのsono 店mise がga開くhirakuまでmade しばらくshibaraku 待つmatsu よりyori 仕方がなかったshikataganakatta。 We had no choice but to wait for a while until the store opened.

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JLPTN2

預かる^☆【あずかるazukaru】 Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to look after; to take care of; to keep; to hold on to; to keep in custody
to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to be entrusted with
to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment); to leave undecided
to take upon oneself (to do); to settle (a matter) oneself

地価chika がga 上がりagari 続ければtsuzukereba 私watashi はha かなりkanari のno 利益rieki にniあずかるazukaruことkoto になろうninarou。 I'll come in for a nice profit if land values continue to rise.

銀行ginkou はha 人hito のno 金kin をwo預かるazukaru。 The bank keeps money for people.

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JLPTN2

背負う^☆【せおうseou・しょうshou】脊負う^irr. Inflection

godan ~う verb / transitive:

to carry on one's back
to be burdened with; to take responsibility for
to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something)

godan ~う verb / intransitive verb:

to be conceited; to think highly of oneself ［しょう］ - in the form しょってる ➜ しょってる

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JLPTN2

鳴らす^☆【ならすnarasu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose); to snap (fingers)
to be popular; to be esteemed; to be reputed
to state; to insist; to complain
to fart (loudly) - archaism

彼らkarera はha８時ji にni そのsono ベルBERU をwo鳴らすnarasu。 They ring the bell at eight.

誰かdareka がga 玄関genkan のno ベルBERU をwo鳴らすnarasuのno がga 聞こえましたkikoemashita かka。 Did you hear someone ring the doorbell?

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JLPTN1

及ぶ^★【およぶoyobu】 Inflection

godan ~ぶ verb / intransitive verb:

to reach; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend
to be up to the task; to come up to ➜ 及ばない
to compare with; to be a match (for)
to commit (a crime) ➜ 犯罪に及ぶ
to require (to do) - usu. used in the negative ➜ 及ばない

そのsono 地震jishin でde 広範囲にkouhan'ini及ぶoyobu被害higai がga でたdeta。 The earthquake caused widespread damage.

そのsono 問題mondai はha 私のwatashino 力chikara のno及ぶoyobuところtokoro ではなかったdehanakatta。 The problem was beyond my reach.

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JLPTN1

弾む^☆【はずむhazumu】勢む Inflection

godan ~む verb / intransitive verb:

to spring; to bound; to bounce
to be stimulated; to be encouraged; to get lively

godan ~む verb / transitive:

to treat oneself to; to splurge on

godan ~む verb / intransitive verb:

to breathe hard; to pant; to be out of breath ➜ 息が弾む【いきがはずむ】

私のwatashino 胸mune はha 期待kitai にniはずむhazumu。 My heart bounds with expectation.

ゴムGOMU のno ボールBOORU はha 弾力性danryokusei がga あるaru からkara弾むhazumu。 A rubber ball bounces because it is elastic.

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JLPTN1

はまるhamaru^☆《嵌まる・填まる・嵌る^irr.・填る^irr.》ハマるHAMAru^☆ Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to fit; to get into; to go into
to be fit for (a job, etc.); to be suited for; to satisfy (conditions)
to fall into; to plunge into; to get stuck; to get caught
to be deceived; to be taken in; to fall into a trap
to be addicted to; to be deep into; to be crazy about; to be stuck on

彼女kanojo はha 編み物amimono にniはまっているhamatteiru。 She is really into knitting.

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JLPTN1

澄ます^☆【すますsumasu】清ます Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

to clear; to make clear
to be unruffled; to look unconcerned; to feign indifference
to look demure; to look prim; to put on airs
to strain (one's ears); to listen carefully ➜ 耳を澄ます【みみをすます】

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つかえるtsukaeru^☆・つっかえるtsukkaeru《閊える・支える》 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to stick; to get stuck; to get caught; to get jammed; to clog
to be unavailable; to be busy; to be occupied; to be full
to be piled up (e.g. of work)
to halt (in one's speech); to stumble (over one's words); to stutter; to stammer
to feel blocked (of one's chest or throat, due to grief, anxiety, illness, etc.); to feel pressure; to feel pain ➜ 痞える【つかえる】

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名乗る^☆【なのるnanoru】名のる・名告る Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb / transitive:

to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as)
to claim to be; to call oneself; to wear the title of
to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to adopt as one's name; to take (a name)

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to call out the goods one is selling - archaism

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激する【げきするgekisuru】 Inflection

~する verb (spec.):

to intensify
to be excited; to fly into a rage; to get into a passion
to dash against
to encourage

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落つ【おつotsu】墜つ・堕つ

upper nidan verb (archaic) / intransitive verb:

to fall down; to drop; to fall (e.g. rain); to sink (e.g. sun or moon); to fall onto (e.g. light or one's gaze) - archaism ➜ 落ちる
to be omitted; to be missing - archaism ➜ 落ちる
to crash; to degenerate; to degrade; to fall behind - archaism ➜ 落ちる
to be removed (e.g. illness, possessing spirit, name on a list) - archaism ➜ 落ちる
to fall (into someone's hands); to become someone's possession - archaism ➜ 落ちる
to fall; to be defeated; to surrender - archaism ➜ 落ちる

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くすぶるkusuburu・ふすぶるfusuburu《燻る・燻ぶる》いぶるiburu《燻る》 Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to smoke; to smoulder; to smolder; to sputter
to be sooty; to be smoke-stained ［くすぶる・ふすぶる］
to smoulder (e.g. a dispute); to smolder ［くすぶる］
to seclude oneself ［くすぶる・ふすぶる］
to live in obscurity; to stay in the same level (of social position, circumstances, etc.) ［くすぶる］

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激す【げきすgekisu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb:

to intensify ➜ 激する
to be excited; to fly into a rage; to get into a passion
to dash against
to encourage

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熟す【じゅくすjukusu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb / ~す verb (precursor to modern する) / intransitive verb:

to ripen; to mature
to be ready for action; to be the right time (to act)
to be in common use; to come to sound natural
to become skilled

ぶどうbudou がga だんだんdandan熟してjukushiteきたkita。 The grapes are getting mature.

彼女kanojo はha 畑hatake のno 作物sakumotsu がga 育ちsodachi、りんごringo のno 実mi がga 赤くakaku熟すjukusuのno をwo みましたmimashita。 She watched the gardens grow, and she watched the apples turn red and ripen.

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