Results, validity to

to be disordered; to be disarranged; to be disarrayed; to be disheveled; to be dishevelled
to be discomposed; to be upset; to get confused; to be disturbed
to lapse into chaos (due to war, etc.)

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JLPTN1

連なる^☆【つらなるtsuranaru】列なる Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to extend; to stretch out; to stand in a row
to attend; to participate in
to enrol; to enroll; to join
to have a connection; to be related; to be linked

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圧倒^☆【あっとうattou】 Inflection

~する noun / noun:

to overwhelm (e.g. an opponent); to overwpower; to crush; to defeat completely
to overwhelm (someone with emotion); to move; to impress; to fill with emotion - usu. in the passive as 圧倒される
to intimidate; to frighten; to threaten

彼kare はha 彼女のkanojono 愛情aijou のno 強さtsuyosa にni圧倒attouされたsareta。 He was overwhelmed by the intensity of her love.

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興す^☆【おこすokosu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

to vitalize (e.g. an industry); to invigorate; to energize; to revive; to promote; to make prosperous
to establish (e.g. a company); to build up; to set up; to launch; to commence ➜ 起こす

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JLPTN4

送る^★【おくるokuru】 Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to send (a thing); to dispatch; to despatch; to transmit
to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person)
to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury
to spend (time); to live one's life
to pass (down the line)
to affix okurigana ➜ 送り仮名

わたしwatashi はha 手紙tegami でde 願書gansho をwo送るokuruようyou 決めたkimeta。 I wrote off for an application form.

空港kuukou までmade送るokuruよyo。 I'll drive you to the airport.

いかにもikanimo 敬虔keiken なるnaru クリスチャンKURISUCHAN がga送るokuru、礼節reisetsu 重きomoki 言葉kotoba ですdesu。 So characteristic of what a pious Christian would say, this courteous phrase.

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JLPTN4

過ぎる^☆【すぎるsugiru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to pass through; to pass by; to go beyond
to pass (i.e. of time); to elapse
to have expired; to have ended; to be over
to exceed; to surpass; to be above
to be no more than ... - as 〜に過ぎない, etc.

ichidan verb / intransitive verb / suffix:

to be excessive; to be too much; to be too ... - often used after adjective stems or the -masu stems of verbs - usually written using kana alone

彼kare はha 彼女kanojo にni 気づくkizuku ことなくkotonaku 走りhashiriすぎたsugita。 He ran past without noticing her.

今日kyou もmo またmata 寂しいsabishii一日がga過ぎるsugiru。 Another lonely day.

過ぎたsugitaことkoto をwo 振り返ってfurikaette はha いけないikenai。 Don't look back on your past.

このkono スープSUUPU はha しょっぱshoppaすぎてsugite飲めないnomenai。 This soup is too salty to eat.

彼kare はha 忙しisogashiすぎるsugiruんn だda よyo。 He's too busy.

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JLPTN3

流す^★【ながすnagasu】 Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

to drain; to pour; to spill; to shed (blood, tears) ➜ 涙を流す
to wash away
to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to broadcast; to beam
to cruise (e.g. taxi)
to float; to set adrift
to call off (a meeting, etc.)
to exile; to banish

あんなanna 恐ろしいosoroshii 男otoko のno ためにtameni流すnagasu涙namida はha ないnai。 I cannot shed a tear for that horrible man.

水mizu にni流すnagasu。 Don't cry over spilled milk.

彼kare はha 夕方yuugata のno ニュースNYUUSU でde、そのsono 殺人satsujin のno 裁判saiban をwo 最初saisho にni流すnagasuことkoto にni 決めたkimeta。 He decided to put the murder trial first in the evening news.

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JLPTN3

稼ぐ^☆【かせぐkasegu】 Inflection

godan ~ぐ verb / transitive:

to earn (income); to make (money)
to score (points, victory); to gain (time); to play (for time)

godan ~ぐ verb / intransitive verb:

to work hard (at one's job); to labor; to labour; to toil

競馬keiba でde稼ぐkasegu！ありえないほどarienaihodo 儲かるmoukaru 競馬keiba ノウハウNOUHAU 集shuu！ Earn money on the races! Know-how collection on horse racing will have you raking it in!

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JLPTN1

冴える^☆【さえるsaeru】冱える Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to be clear (of a sight, sound, colour, etc.); to be bright; to be vivid; to be crisp
to be clear-headed; to be alert; to be on the ball; to be wide awake
to look upbeat; to be perky; to be cheerful - often as 冴えない
to master (a skill); to excel at; to cleanly execute
to be satisfying - often as 冴えない ➜ 冴えない
to become frigid; to become intensely cold - original meaning; now somewhat old-fashioned

コーヒーKOOHII をwo 一杯ippai 飲むnomu とto 頭atama がga冴えるsaeru。 I feel more alert after drinking a cup of coffee.

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JLPTN5

作る^★【つくるtsukuru】造る^☆・創る^☆ Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct - 造る usu. for large-scale building, manufacturing, etc.; 創る usu. for creating
to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train ➜ 野菜を作る
to till
to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
to have (a child)
to make up (one's face, etc.)
to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
to form (a line, etc.)
to set (a record)
to commit (a sin, etc.)

どこdoko へhe 行ってitte もmo、彼kare はha 必ずkanarazu 友達tomodachi をwo作るtsukuru。 Wherever he may go, he is sure to make friends.

今日kyou のno お弁当obentou もmo だda けどkedo、五木itsuki さんsan とto 田中tanaka さんsan のno作るtsukuruメニューMENYUU はha 緑黄色野菜ryokuoushokuyasai がga 少ないsukunai んn じゃないjanai？ About today's packed-lunch, the menus prepared by Itsuki and Tanaka are low in beta-carotene-rich vegetables again aren't they?

庶民shomin のno なりわいnariwai はha、米kome をwoつくるtsukuruことkoto だったdatta。 The ordinary people had their livelihood in farming rice.

文法的にbunpoutekini 正しいtadashii 文章bunshou をwo作るtsukuruようyou 心がけるkokorogakeru べきbeki だda。 You should try to produce grammatical sentences.

ではdeha、CGをwo作るtsukuru場合baai はha どのようにdonoyouni 光源kougen をwo 使用shiyou すればsureba よいyoi のno であろうdearou かka。 Then, when you're making CG, how should you use light sources?

輸入制限yunyuuseigen はha 両国間ryoukokukan によりniyori 親密なshinmitsuna 関係kankei をwo作るtsukuru支障shishou になるninaru。 Import restrictions are barriers to closer relations between the two countries.

例外reigai はha作るtsukuruべきではないbekidehanai とto 思いますomoimasu。 I don't think an exception should be made.

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JLPTN2

絞る^★【しぼるshiboru】搾る^☆ Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze - esp. 絞る
to squeeze (fruit to extract juice); to press; to extract; to milk; to express milk - esp. 搾る
to rack (one's brains); to strain (one's voice)
to extort; to exploit
to chew out; to reprimand severely; to rake over the coals; to give a sound scolding; to tell someone off; to scold; to rebuke - often passive voice ➜ 油を絞る
to drill into; to train
to narrow down (one's focus); to whittle down
to gather up (curtain, etc.); to tighten (drawstring)
to stop down (lens)
to turn down (e.g. radio)
to bend (bow); to draw
to hold down; to constrict; to immobilize - Sumo term

ああaa、牛ushi のno 乳chichi はha そんなふうにsonnafuuni搾るshiboruのですnodesu かka。 Oh, is that the way you milk a cow?

私watashi はha５ポンドPONDO絞るshiboru必要hitsuyou がga あるaru。 I need to lose five pounds.

何nani 世紀seiki にni もmo、読み書きyomikaki にni 焦点shouten をwo絞るshiboru語学gogaku 教育kyouiku でde あるaru。 For centuries, foreign language teaching focused on reading and writing.

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擦り寄る【すりよるsuriyoru】すり寄る・擦寄る・摩り寄る・摩寄る Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to draw close to; to edge up to; to snuggle up to; to nestle close to; to cuddle with; to draw closer to

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JLPTN2

落ち着く^☆【おちつくochitsuku】落ちつく^☆・落着く・落ち付く・落付く Inflection

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to calm down; to compose oneself; to regain presence of mind
to calm down; to settle down; to die down; to become stable; to abate
to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in
to be settled; to be fixed; to have been reached - of an arrangement, conclusion, etc.
to harmonize with; to harmonise with; to match; to suit; to fit
to be unobtrusive; to be quiet; to be subdued - usu. used pronominally as 落ち着いた ➜ 落ち着いた【おちついた】

僕boku はha 彼kare にni 身を引いてmiwohiite 事態jitai がga落ち着くochitsukuのno をwo 待つmatsu ようにyouni 勧めたsusumeta。 I urged him to get away and cool down.

彼女kanojo はha ショックSHOKKU をwo 受けてukete、何もnanimo 話しhanashi たがろうtagarou としませんでしたtoshimasendeshita。落ち着くochitsukuまでmade にni 時間がかかりjikangakakari そうsou だda。 It gave her quite a shock, and she didn't want to talk about anything for a while. I think it'll be a while before she's back to normal.

彼kare とto 一緒issho だda とto落ち着くochitsukuのno。 I feel comfortable in his company.

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JLPTN2

配る^☆【くばるkubaru】賦る Inflection

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to distribute; to hand out; to deliver; to deal out; to serve out
to allot; to allocate; to place (staff, soldiers, etc.); to station

来てkite くれたkureta 人hito にni このkono パンフレットPANFURETTO をwo配るkubaruのno をwo 手伝ってtetsudatte 下さいkudasai。 Please help me distribute these pamphlets to visitors.

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作り上げる^☆【つくりあげるtsukuriageru】作りあげる・造り上げる・造りあげる Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

to build up; to complete; to construct; to create; to put together
to make up; to fabricate; to invent; to cook up

科学kagaku がga 我々wareware のno 生活様式seikatsuyoushiki をwo作り上げるtsukuriageru。 Science builds our lifestyle.

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JLPTN3

欠ける^☆【かけるkakeru】缺ける・闕ける Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to be chipped; to be damaged; to be broken
to be lacking; to be missing
to be insufficient; to be short; to be deficient; to be negligent toward
(of the moon) to wane; to go into eclipse - also 虧ける

このkono 組織soshiki はha まとまりmatomari にni欠けるkakeru。 This organization lacks unity.

彼kare はha 社会shakai 人jin としてtoshite のno 自覚jikaku にni欠けるkakeru。 He lacks consciousness that he is a member of society.

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JLPTN1

交わる^☆【まじわるmajiwaru】 Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to cross; to intersect; to join; to meet
to associate with; to mingle with; to consort with
to have a sexual relationship; to copulate

これらのkorerano 線sen はha 直角chokkaku にni交わるmajiwaru。 These lines meet at right angles.

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JLPTN3

倒す^☆【たおすtaosu】斃す・殪す・仆す Inflection

godan ~す verb / transitive:

to throw down; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to set (something) down on its side; to turn (something) on its side ［倒す］
to kill; to defeat; to beat
to overthrow; to trip up; to ruin ［倒す］
to leave unpaid; to cheat ［倒す］

そのsono ボクサーBOKUSAA はha 第dai１ラウンドRAUNDO でde 相手aite をwo倒すtaosuつもりtsumori だda とto 言ったitta。 The boxer said he would knock down his opponent in the first round.

大dai ボスBOSU をwo倒すtaosuところtokoro だda。 I'm about to kill the big boss.

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JLPTN1

しみるshimiru^☆《染みる・沁みる・滲みる・浸みる・泌みる》 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to pierce; to penetrate; to soak in; to permeate
to sting (wound or sensitive area, etc.); to smart; to twinge ［染みる・沁みる］
to be infected (with vice); to be steeped (with prejudice); to be influenced
to feel keenly; to make a deep impression

虫歯mushiba がga できちゃってdekichatte、冷たいtsumetai 物mono をwo 食べるtaberu とtoしみるshimiruんだnda。 Since I developed this cavity, my tooth has been really sensitive to heat and cold.

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JLPTN3

転ぶ^☆【ころぶkorobu・まろぶmarobu】 Inflection

godan ~ぶ verb / intransitive verb:

to fall down; to fall over
to turn out; to play out ［ころぶ］ - oft. as どう転んでも
to abandon Christianity (and convert to Buddhism); to apostatize ［ころぶ］ - in early Japanese Christianity
to roll; to tumble ➜ ころがる
(for a geisha) to prostitute (herself) in secret - archaism

彼kare はha 滑ってsubette、すんでのところでsundenotokorode転ぶkorobuところtokoro だったdatta。 He slipped and nearly fell.

転ぶkorobuとto すぐにsuguni 彼女kanojo はha 泣いてnaite しまったshimatta。 On falling down, she burst into tears.

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JLPTN2

味わう^☆【あじわうajiwau】 Inflection

godan ~う verb / transitive:

to taste; to savor; to savour; to relish
to appreciate; to enjoy; to relish; to digest
to experience; to go through; to taste (e.g. victory); to know (e.g. pain)

彼のkareno 主治医shujii 達tachi はha、彼kare がga 以前izen と同じようにtoonajiyouni ものmono をwo 見mi、聞きkiki、味わうajiwauことkoto はha できるdekiru だろうdarou とto 彼kare にni 告げたtsugeta。 His doctors told him that he would see, hear, and taste as before.

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