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chic; smart; stylish; tasteful; refined; sophisticated; worldly (esp. in terms of being familiar with the red light district, geishas and actors) - いき is also written as 意気 Antonym: 野暮
considerate; understanding; sympathetic

noun / adjectival noun:

essence; the best; the cream ［すい］

どうせdouse 日本nippon 文化bunka のno粋ikiなどnado はha 連中renchuu にはniha 絶対zettai わかるwakaru まいmai。 The essence of Japanese culture could never be appreciated by them.

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町人^☆【ちょうにんchounin・まちにんmachinin^obs.】

noun:

townspeople; townsfolk; commoner; civilian; merchant; tradesman; tradeswoman; tradespeople; artisan; members of the lowest Edo-period social class (comprising commoners not involved in farming)

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成型^☆【せいけいseikei】成形 Inflection

noun / ~する noun:

cast; mold; mould; casting; molding; moulding; compacting (e.g. in metallurgy) - esp. 成型
forming; shaping; fashioning - esp. 成形

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JLPTN5

なるnaru^☆《成る・為る》 Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to become; to get; to grow; to be; to reach; to attain
to result in; to prove to be
to consist of; to be composed of
to succeed; to be complete
to change into; to be exchanged for
to play a role ➜ 成り済ます
to be promoted - Shōgi term

godan ~る verb:

to do ... - as お+masu-stem+になる, ご+noun+になる, etc. - honorific language

枝eda がga 伸びnobi、実mi がga成るnaruことkoto をwo 想定soutei してshite 接ぐtsugu 場所basho をwo 選びましょうerabimashou。 Select the graft point after imagining how the branches will extend and fruit grow.

１チームCHIIMU はha９人nin のno 選手senshu からkara成るnaru。 Nine players make up a team.

年を取るtoshiwotoru とto 目ざとくmezatokuなるnaru。 As one grows old, one becomes a light sleeper.

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地【じji】

noun:

ground; land; earth; soil - abbreviation
the region in question; the local area
skin
texture; fabric; material; weave
base; background
one's true nature
narrative (i.e. descriptive part of a story)
real life; actuality
captured territory (in the game of go)
noh chorus ➜ 地謡
accompaniment music (in Japanese dance)
basic phrase (in Japanese music; usu. repetitive)
base part (of multiple shamisens)

雨ame 降ってfutte地chi固まるkatamaru。 Adversity strengthens the foundations.

彼女のkanojono ドレスDORESU はha 青いaoi地chiにni 白shiro のno 水玉模様mizutamamoyou がga あるaru。 Her dress is blue with white polka dots.

そのsono 推理小説suirishousetsu はha地chiのno 文bun よりもyorimo 会話kaiwa のno 部分bubun のno 方hou がga 多いooi。 The mystery contains more dialogue than narrative.

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刀禰【とねtone】

noun:

priest - used at certain shrines, e.g. Ise, Kamo - Shintō term
member of one of the four administrative ranks in the ritsuryo system - archaism ➜ 四等官
government official in charge of a town, esp. in Heian Kyoto - archaism
prominent member of a town - archaism
river boatman; captain of a riverboat
(medieval) harbor manager - archaism
bandit leader; head of a gang of brigands - archaism

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JLPTN5

引く^☆【ひくhiku】曳く・牽く Inflection

godan ~く verb / transitive:

to pull; to tug; to lead (e.g. a horse)
to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest) ➜ 惹く【ひく】・注意を引く
to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to pull in
to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
to draw (a line, plan, etc.) ➜ 図面を引く
to catch (a cold) ➜ 風邪を引く
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument) ➜ 弾く【ひく】
to look up (e.g. a dictionary); to consult ➜ 辞書を引く
to haul; to pull (vehicles) - esp. 牽く
to subtract; to deduct
to recede; to ebb; to fade
to be descend from; to inherit (a characteristic)
to quote; to cite; to raise (as evidence)
to lay on (electricity, gas, etc.); to install (e.g. a telephone); to supply (e.g. water)
to hold (e.g. a note)
to apply (e.g. lipstick); to oil (e.g. a pan); to wax (e.g. a floor)

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to move back; to draw back; to recede ➜ 退く【ひく】
to lessen; to subside; to ebb ➜ 退く【ひく】
to resign; to retire; to quit ➜ 退く【ひく】

あんなanna 本hon みたらmitaraフツーのFUTSUUno女onna はha引くhikuもんmon なna！ Obviously a normal woman would lose interest if she saw a book like that!

定規jougi はha 直線chokusen をwo引くhikuのにnoni 役立つyakudatsu。 A ruler helps one to draw a straight line.

ジョンJON はha ギターGITAA をwo引くhikuことができませんkotogadekimasen。 John can't play the guitar.

初めてhajimete のno 単語tango をwo 辞書jisho でdeひくhikuのno はha よいyoi 習慣shuukan であるdearu。 It is a good habit to look up new words in a dictionary.

１０からkara２をwo引くhikuとto、８残るnokoru。 Two from ten leaves eight.

はれhare がga引くhikuまでmade何日くらいkurai かかりますkakarimasu かka。 How many days will it take until the swelling goes down?

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JLPTN3

当たる^☆【あたるataru】当る・中る・中たる Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to be hit; to strike Antonym: 外す
to touch; to be in contact; to be affixed
to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to apply to
to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
to be selected (in a lottery, etc.); to win
to be successful; to go well; to be a hit
to face; to confront
to lie (in the direction of)
to undertake; to be assigned
to be stricken (by food poisoning, heat, etc.); to be afflicted
to be called upon (by the teacher)
to treat (esp. harshly); to lash out at
to be unnecessary - as 〜するには当たらない, etc.
to be hitting well; to be on a hitting streak - usu. as 当たっている - Baseball term
(in fishing) to feel a bite
(of fruit, etc.) to be bruised; to spoil

godan ~る verb / transitive:

to feel (something) out; to probe into; to check (i.e. by comparison)
to shave
to be a relative of a person; to stand in a relationship - as 〜の〜に当たる

日本nippon のno 桜sakura はha まさにmasani イギリスIGIRISU のno バラBARA にniあたるataru。 The cherry blossom is to Japan what the rose is to England.

夢yume はha 時としてtokitoshiteあたるataru。 Dreams sometimes come true.

私watashi はha 顔kao にni 冷たいtsumetai 風kaze がga当たるataruのno をwo 感じたkanjita。 I felt a cold wind on my face.

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JLPTN1

構える^☆【かまえるkamaeru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / transitive:

to set up (a house, store, etc.); to build; to establish; to run; to maintain
to have at the ready (e.g. a gun); to hold in preparation (e.g. a camera); to prepare in advance (e.g. a meal)
to adopt a posture; to assume a stance; to stand ready; to be poised for

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to put on an air; to assume an attitude
to stiffen; to tense up; to become formal

ichidan verb / transitive:

to fabricate in order to deceive; to make up; to feign
to plan; to scheme

気長にkinagani構えるkamaeru必要hitsuyou がga ありますarimasu。 You have to be patient.

彼らkarera はha ロンドンRONDON 郊外kougai にni 居kyo をwo構えるkamaeruことkoto にni 決めkime たta。 They decided to settle in a suburb of London.

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JLPTN4

倒れる^★【たおれるtaoreru】 Inflection

ichidan verb / intransitive verb:

to fall (over, down); to collapse; to take a fall; to topple
to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to cave in; to crumble; to give away
to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to break down (e.g. from overwork)
to die; to be killed
to go bankrupt (of a company, bank, etc.); to fail; to collapse; to go under
to be defeated (in a game); to lose
to fall (of a government, dictator, etc.); to be overthrown

私watashi はha 通りtoori でde 老人roujin がga あお向けaomuke にni倒れるtaoreruのno をwo 見たmita。 I saw an old man fall on his back in the street.

あのano 元気なgenkina 男otoko がga 病気byouki でde倒れるtaoreruなんてnante、鬼oni のno霍乱とto もっぱらmoppara のno 噂uwasa だda よyo。 For a healthy cheerful guy like that to get sick is like the devil getting sunstroke. Everyone is talking about it.

内閣naikaku はha倒れるtaoreruだろうdarou ということだtoiukotoda。 They say that the cabinet will fall.

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JLPTN4

通る^☆【とおるtooru】徹る・透る Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to go by; to go past; to go along; to travel along; to pass through; to use (a road); to take (a route); to go via; to go by way of
to run (between); to operate (between); to connect - of public transport
to go indoors; to go into a room; to be admitted; to be shown in; to be ushered in; to come in
to penetrate; to pierce; to skewer; to go through; to come through
to permeate; to soak into; to spread throughout
to carry (e.g. of a voice); to reach far
to be passed on (e.g. of a customer's order to the kitchen); to be relayed; to be conveyed
to pass (a test, a bill in the House, etc.); to be approved; to be accepted
to go by (a name); to be known as; to be accepted as; to have a reputation for
to be coherent; to be logical; to be reasonable; to be comprehensible; to be understandable; to make sense
to get across (e.g. of one's point); to be understood
to be straight (e.g. wood grain)
to be well-informed; to be wise - archaism

suffix / godan ~る verb:

to do ... completely; to do ... thoroughly - after the -masu stem of a verb

容易youi にni 試験shiken にni通るtooruとto 思うomou。 I expect her to pass the examination easily.

法案houan はha 間違いなくmachigainaku通るtooruよyo。 This bill is safe to pass.

富んでいるtondeiru ものmono がga 神kami のno 国kuni にni 入るhairu よりyori はha、らくだrakuda がga 針hari のno 穴ana をwo通るtooru方hou がga もっとmotto 易しいyasashii。 It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.

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JLPTN1

漂う^☆【ただようtadayou】 Inflection

godan ~う verb / intransitive verb:

to drift; to float
to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air
to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood)
to wander; to walk around aimlessly
to be unsteady; to be unstable - archaism
to falter; to flinch; to wince - archaism
to live in unreliable circumstances - archaism

このkono 無限のmugenno 空間kuukan にni漂うtadayou永遠のeienno 沈黙chinmoku がga 私watashi をwo 恐怖kyoufu にni 陥れるotoshiireru。 The eternal silence of these infinite spaces terrifies me.

多くooku のno 人hito がga 目的mokuteki なくnaku 人生jinsei をwo漂うtadayou。 Many people drift through life without a purpose.

氷koori はha 毎日mainichi 相当なsoutouna 距離kyori をwo漂うtadayouことkoto もmo あるaru。 The ice may drift considerable distances each day.

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JLPTN4

寄る^☆【よるyoru】 Inflection

godan ~る verb / intransitive verb:

to approach; to draw near; to come near; to be close to
to gather (in one place); to come together; to meet
to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to make a short visit
to grow old; to grow high (number, etc.) ➜ 年が寄る
to grow (wrinkly) - in the form of しわが寄る
to lean against; to recline on - also written as 倚る, 凭る
to push one's opponent while holding their belt - Sumo term
to decide on a price and come to a deal
to be swayed by (a person); to yield to - archaism

明日ashita のno 朝asa７時ji にni 誘いsasoi にni寄るyoruよyo。 I'll call for you at 7 tomorrow morning.

彼kare はha寄るyoru年波toshinami でde 弱ったyowatta。 He sank under the weight of age.

彼kare がgaよるyoruとto 馬uma がga 彼kare をwo 蹴りkeri かかったkakatta。 The horse kicked at him when he approached it.

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JLPTN4

開く^☆【ひらくhiraku】 Inflection

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb / transitive:

to open; to undo; to unseal; to unpack
to bloom; to unfold; to spread out
to open (for business, e.g. in the morning)
to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen

godan ~く verb / transitive:

to hold (meeting, etc.); to give; to open
to found (nation, dynasty, sect, etc.); to open (a new business); to set up; to establish; to start
to open (ports, borders, etc.)
to open (an account)
to open up (new land, path, etc.); to clear; to develop ➜ 拓く
to open (a file, etc.) - IT term
to extract (root); to reduce (equation) - Mathematics term
to cut open (fish) - as 魚を開く - Food term
to change (kanji into hiragana)

godan ~く verb / intransitive verb:

to flare (e.g. skirt)
to slacken (into a poor posture) - as 体が開く, 肩が開く, etc. - Sports term

先週senshuu、私達watashitachi はha 舞踏会butoukai をwo開きましたhirakimashita。 We gave a ball last week.

庭niwa のno バラBARA のno 木ki のno つぼみtsubomi がga 少しずつsukoshizutsu開きhiraki始めるhajimeru。 Little by little, the buds on the rosebush in my garden begin to open.

私達watashitachi はha そのsono 店mise がga開くhirakuまでmade しばらくshibaraku 待つmatsu よりyori 仕方がなかったshikataganakatta。 We had no choice but to wait for a while until the store opened.

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JLPTN3

玉^★【たまtama】球・珠・弾

noun:

ball; sphere; globe; orb
bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; droplet
ball (in sports) - esp. 球
pile (of noodles, etc.)
bullet - esp. 弾; also written as 弾丸
bulb (i.e. a light bulb) - esp. 球
lens (of glasses, etc.)
bead (of an abacus) - esp. 玉,珠
ball (i.e. a testicle) - esp. 玉 - slang - abbreviation ➜ 金玉【きんたま】
gem; jewel (esp. spherical; sometimes used figuratively); pearl - esp. 玉,珠; also written as 璧
female entertainer (e.g. a geisha)
person (when commenting on their nature); character - derogatory term
item, funds or person used as part of a plot

noun / suffix noun:

egg ➜ 玉子

suffix noun:

coin - usu. だま
precious; beautiful; excellent

彼のkareno 額gaku にはniha玉tamaのno ようなyouna 汗ase がga 浮かんでいたukandeita。 There were beads of sweat on his forehead.

ニッケルNIKKERU はha５セントSENTO玉damaですdesu。 A nickel is a five-cent coin.

王手oute をwo かけられたkakerareta ほうhou はha、玉tamaをwo 逃げるnigeru などnado のno 方法houhou でde 王手oute をwo 防がfusega ねばなりませんnebanarimasen。 The checked player must find a way for the king to escape and block the check.

弾tamaがga 彼のkareno 頬hoo をwo かすめたkasumeta。 The bullet just shaved his cheek.

こいつkoitsu がga そんなsonna玉tamaじゃないjanai ことkoto なんてnante とうの昔tounomukashi にni 解っていたwakatteita からkara さsa。 That's because, you see, I've known he isn't that sort of person from a long time back.

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